Stress, Dieting, and Periodontal Disease

Christine Dursunian Principles of Dental Hygiene II Professor Willis Research Paper Stress, dieting and periodontal disease and to compromised systemic health. Stress, dieting, cultural diversity, foundation of health and periodontal disease: The average person would never think that all four of these topics would coincide with one another. They do, each affecting the other as stepping stones towards periodontal disease. Periodontal disease, including periodontitis and gingivitis, are chronic, bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases affecting the periodontium (tissues that support the teeth).Periodontal diseases are the most prevalent chronic diseases affecting children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. The periodontium is a complex, highly specialized, shock-absorbing and pressure-sensing system consisting of four interrelated tissues supporting the teeth: cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and junctional and sulcular epithelia (1). Periodontal disease can aff ect one or many teeth. It can also lead to progressive bone loss around teeth, which can lead to loosening and possible loss of the teeth if left untreated.There are many factors to periodontal disease that have been proven to be directly related to this growing disease, in certain populations and cultures that have been proven to stand out more than others. Through research and advanced studies with guidelines of evaluation, stress and dieting has been shown to be associated with periodontal disease(2). These additional factors involve diet, lifestyle, cultures, also including collective types of strains in ones everyday life. Periodontal disease is an infection of the tissues that support the teeth.These infections are associated with specific pathogenic bacteria that colonize the subgingival area. When the teeth are being supported by the gingiva; the gingiva does not attach to the tooth firmly as one might think. Part of the tooth’s anatomy consists of a shallow v-shaped gaped called the sulcus which exists between the tooth and the gingiva. Periodontal disease affects this gap causing the tissue supporting the tooth to break down. Periodontal disease transitions through different levels to become what it is.Research studies indicate that a specific set of guidelines during evaluation of the association of stress and periodontal disease are important. When proposing experimental approaches, specifically in psychosocial stress and periodontal disease; present studies and future experiments show the next six factors to be very useful. Periodontal disease is measured as unique disease outcome and should not be included in a composite index with other oral diseases(3). Validated instruments are assessed for stress, distress, and copying behaviors.These helpful instruments, validated by prior studies, also on the population for each applied for research. Indications of compliance with oral health organization system should measure at-risk behaviors. Incl uding oral health behaviors such as preventive dental visits, regulations of oral hygiene regimens, and an assessment of plaque, gingivitis, and other existing disease. By rigorously establishing psychosocial factors such as stress distress, and coping behaviors are true risk factors for periodontal disease case studies and case-control series generate hypotheses (4).These hypotheses are over large cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies. Studies in which mechanisms of psychosocial stress or distress show the application of periodontal disease The necessity to show relationship and correlation of applying different assessments such as biochemical mediators of stress, immune functions, or neurological and endocrine alterations as well as behavioral changes are significant in these cases(5). Lastly are randomized controlled trial methodology, the intervention of studies using stress management to establish efficacy of modification of stress as modality of stress-assoc iated disease.Managing these controlled trials allows to reduce stress or distress. Periodontal disease has been associated for years with risk factors such as oral environment, age, female hormones, family factors, smoking and nicotine, and diseases associated with periodontal disease. When discussing oral environment the first issue that comes to mind is lack of oral hygiene. Lack of oral hygiene encourages bacterial buildup and plaque formation, which puts the oral cavity into a very susceptible position for periodontal disease.Inadequate contoured restoration has also created rise to periodontal disease for its restorations of fillings and crowns. By poor dentistry the restorations help trap for debris and plaque because of its defect in contour. Anatomical tooth abnormalities are influential risk factors just as poor restorations would be, because of these abnormalities the teeth are not aligned in their natural state causing food particles to build up to the ladder of periodon tal disease causing plaque and bacteria formation. Lastly would be the anatomy of the third molars, also known as the wisdom teeth.This tooth especially is a known to be a major breeding ground for bacteria, by reason of its location and patients finding difficulty reaching posteriorly to the mouth while brushing. Other studies of this particular tooth show the unique tissues surrounding this molar region has been destructed of the plaque formation and the tissue becoming more sensitive when the third molar is impacted, meaning when the tooth is wedged between another tooth and the jaw. Next commonly associated risk factor with periodontal disease is age.Another problem in aging, comes the increase of obtaining periodontal disease. Studies have shown that thirty percent of the adults in America have periodontal disease and mostly found in people over the age of seventy years old, eighty-six percent have periodontitis (6). Rare cases it has been shown for young adolescents who are su bjected to this disease. Adding to this is family factors, periodontal disease often occurs to members of the same family. A mixture of factors belong to this title, such as intimacy, genetics and hygiene.A considerably important factor is smoking and nicotine. Being the most significant factor, causing bone loss and gingival recession and inflammation by reducing the amount of oxygen present in the gingiva tissue. When nicotine combines with oral bacteria, the production levels expectations are greater. Lastly are diseases associated with periodontal disease, such as diabetes, type one and two, osteoporosis, herpes related gingivitis, human immunodeficiency virus associated with gingivitis, autoimmune disease (7).Others diseases of genetic disorder are also at high risk for periodontitis. Contemporary conceptualization of the stress process supports the evaluation of stress at three levels. Stressors, moderating and mediating factors, and stress reactions. These three factors have emphasized the process and the unity stress can have on periodontal disease, including emotions and coping(8). These stress responses would be determined primarily by the process that makes personalized perception of a stress indicator or a threat to ones health.The aim of each study is to unfold influential factors such as personality traits, coping strategies, and experimentation of referenced information (9). The resolution of all studies suggested that depression, stress, and salivary cortisol are important correlates of periodontal disease. Therefore, it is likely that periodontitis is related to immunologic and behavioral changes related to psychologic states. Salivary cortisol seemed to have different associations with periodontal disease, because of the outcomes in models involving stress compared to models involved with depression.Periodontitis is indicated when addressing depression or stress. By strongly suggesting that stress, distress, and inadequate ways of handling di fficult situations of coping are important risk indicators for periodontal disease. Furthermore, it is likely that systemic disease associated with periodontal disease such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preterm delivery and osteoporosis may share psychosocial stress as a common risk factor.During these early beginnings of study and research, requirement for one to fully understand the molecular and cellular basis of the role of stress, and in turn these studies may lead to effective intervention strategies that minimize or negate stress as a contributor to periodontal disease. Research has also proven within certain limitations this systematic review showed a positive relationship between stress and psychosocial factors and periodontal disease.However, caution should be used when interpreting this review because the different methodologies used in the included studies may have an impact on the results of the reports. The difficulties inherent is isolating the variable of stre ss, the lack of a reliable standardize   psychological analysis to quantify and define most psychiatric disturbances, the individual ability of patients to cope with negative life events, and the different types and clinical parameters used to determine periodontal tissue breakdown may cat as a confounding biases and cause result distortion at several stages. lthough a positive relationship was observed between stress and periodontal disease, further representative research is need to determine the impact of stress and psychological factors as risk factors for periodontal disease. Reference: Ng SKS, Leung WK. A community study on the relationship between stress, coping, affective dispositions and periodontal attachment loss. Community Dental Oral Epidemiol 2006; 24: 252-66 Page RC, Kornman KS. The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction. Periodontol 2000 1997; 14 9-11 Robert J. Genco, Alex W. Ho, Jeffrey Kopman, Sara G. Grossel, Robert G.Dunford and Lisa A. Tedesco. M odels to Evaluate the Role of Stress in Periodontal Disease. Department of Oral Biology, Periodontal Disease Research Center, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo. Vol. 3, No 1, 288-302 July 1998. Amy E. Rosania, Kathryn G. Low, Cherly M. McCormick, and David A. Rosania. Stress, Depression, Cortisol, and Periodontal Disease. Department of Psychology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME. Volume 80, Number 2:260-266 February 2009. Breivik T, Thrane PS, Murison R, Gijermo P. Emotional stress effects on immunity, gingivitis, and periodontitis.Eur J Oral Sci 1996; 104:327-334 Green LW, Tyron WW, Marks B, Juryun J. Periodontal disease as a function of life-events stress. J Human Stress 1986;12:32-6 Annsofi Johannsen, Gunnar Rylander, Birgitta Soder, and Marie Asberg. Dental Plaque, Gingival Inflammation, and Elevated Levels of Interleukin-6 and Cortisol in Gingival Crevicular Fluid From Women with stress-related Depression and Exhaustion. Volume 77 – November 8 2006; 77:1403-1409 Genco RJ, Ho AW, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, Tedesco LA. Relationship of stress distress and inadequate coping behaviors to periodontal disease.J Periodontol 1999;70;711-23 Daiane C. Peruzzo, Bruno B. Benatti, Glaucia M. B. Ambrosano, Getullo R. Nogueria-Fiho, Enilson A. Sallum, Marcio Z. Casati, and Franciso H. Nociti Jr. A Systematic Review of Stress and Psychological Factors as Possible Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease. Volume 78- Number 8. 2007;78:1491-1504 Kaufman E, Lamster IB. Analysis of saliva for periodontal diagnosis- A review. J Clin Periodontal 2000; 27: 453-465 Arowojolu MO, Onyeaso CO, Dosumu EB, Idaboh GK. Effect on academic stress on periodontal health 2006;29:9-13

Critical response to ‘Z for Zachariah’ Essay

The book I read is ‘Z for Zachariah’ by Robert C. O’Brien. I enjoyed this book because it contained few but excellent characters and is full of mystery and suspense. ‘Z for Zachariah’ is about a sixteen-year-old girl, called Ann Burden who thinks she is the only person to survive a nuclear war. However, as her diary entries progress, you learn of a person in a green suit who is pulling what looks like a trailer covered with the same green material as the suit approaching Ann Burden’s valley. Later in the diary you find out that the person is a man who had been an industrial chemist before the war, working for the Government designing a suit to protect people in the event of a nuclear explosion. His name is Mr Loomis and he is wearing the only one of these suits. When Mr Loomis finally arrives in the valley, he is amazed by the fact that there is water, which appears to be safe but Mr Loomis makes one severe mistake. When he checks the water for the level of radiation with his Geiger counter he in fact checks the clean water in the stream but then goes on to venture further down the valley, where he finds Ann Burden’s home where the polluted Burden Creek is nearby. Once Mr Loomis has seen inside Ann’s house (where Ann has cleverly hidden any clues that could show the visitor that there has been people living there recently) he then proceeds towards Burden Creek in the hope of getting his first bath in probably months. However, not realising that the stream and Creek are not connected and in fact the Creek runs into the valley from over the hill where the pollution is, he jumps right in. Within a very short period of time after Mr Loomis has had his bath he became very ill, as he had been exposed to a lot of radiation. When Mr Loomis becomes sick Ann then realises she will have to help him and that is when she first shows herself. Ann’s diary entries take you through the events that happen when she is and is not in the company of Mr Loomis. My favourite part of the book is the first three diary entries. In these diary entries Mr Loomis has not yet arrived in the valley however Ann has seen smoke from over the hill for three days, which she presumes is from a human made fire because it is in a thin column that it rises. The smoke comes at the same time everyday, in late afternoon. Each afternoon the smoke is nearer to Ann’s home. I like this part of the book the most because in it you find out what it has been like for Ann being alone for so long because her family left her to look for other people and had never returned. It is interesting to read Ann’s thoughts of being excited and scared that she may in fact not be the only person left in the world. It is obvious why Ann would be excited about someone else coming into the valley but maybe not so clear why she would be scared. Ann is scared because after the nuclear explosion some radio stations had still broadcasted, but towards the end of them broadcasting the presenters seemed to be going crazy. Here is a quote from the second diary entry which will explain why Ann is scared â€Å"Suppose a car came over the hill, and I ran out, and whoever was in it got out – suppose he was crazy? Or suppose it was someone mean, or cruel, and brutal? A murderer? What could I do?† After this quote, you realise that Ann is a very sensible and careful person because she decides to move her things to a cave nearby her home and make it look as though no one has lived in her house. That way she can watch whoever is coming into her valley and if they are crazy or mean she can stay in the cave unbeknown to the visitor and wait until they leave. At the end of the third diary entry Ann has still not seen anyone but knows that they are camping at the crossroads and exploring North, South, East, West and when they come into the South they will find Ann’s valley. The most remarkable character in the book I think is Ann Burden. She is careful, mature, kind, helpful, sensible, confused, and strategic/logical. In the following paragraph I will explain why Ann Burden is all of the things I have just said: The reason I think Ann is careful is because when Mr Loomis is first entering the valley she goes to the cave to live there as she does not know if Mr Loomis is ‘safe.’ During the book ‘Z for Zachariah’ you realise that in fact even though Ann is only sixteen she is more mature than Mr Loomis who is quite a bit older than Ann. The proof that shows this, is all of the words I am using to describe her and she also thinks about having children to begin the human-race again. The words kind, helpful and sensible describe Ann well because when Mr Loomis is ill with radiation poisoning she helps him and is kind to him even though he’s a stranger. Also Ann still helps Mr Loomis after he tried to rape her – she gives him half of everything i.e. eggs, milk and chicken and lets him have the comforts of her home while she moves into the cave. It is obvious that Ann is confused, as she does not know why Mr Loomis is being so horrible to her especially when she has done everything she can to be nice to him and to help him. The last words to describe Ann are strategic and logical; I think these words describe Ann well because when she does not want Mr Loomis to find her she thinks about what he can and cannot see e.g. when she builds a fire she thinks about where and how to build it so Mr Loomis can’t see it – she also thinks about what time of the day to light it. The style of ‘Z for Zachariah’ is in diary form. Throughout the book there were not many figures of speech, however, there were a few similes, here is a quote from the book that describes Ann’s dog Faro when he has returned from the dead lands where there is radiation, in it there is a simile â€Å"as thin as a skeleton.† The structure of ‘Z for Zachariah’ is in chronological order, each event happening in an order that makes sense and makes the story more intense and interesting. During the book, there is not much direct speech as the genre of the book is in diary form so it contains more of the thoughts and feelings of Ann Burden. The themes in the book are effects of modern technology, survival, dominance, bullying, age against youth, optimism/realism, breeding, art v science and religion v atheism. In the following sentences, I will discuss the themes that occur in ‘Z for Zachariah.’ The first theme ‘effects of modern technology’ is the theme that allowed the story to occur because nothing in the book would have happened had there not been a nuclear explosion. The themes of survival, dominance and age against youth are all linked together and are in a way very similar to each other. These three themes are perhaps the strongest and most occurring ones throughout the book, I will explain why: survival of course is going to be a major issue, Ann is the one who thinks about this the most having thought of growing her own crops, so when the supplies run out in the shop she will still have food to survive, and that is just one example. Throughout the book Mr Loomis tries to be the stereotypical ‘Alpha male,’ he wants everything to be done his own way and to be done by him. For example when Ann said she would go into the town with the safe suit to collect books, even though Mr Loomis is still ill he refuses to let her go, perhaps thinking she is incapable or he could have been worried she wouldn’t come back with the safe suit, although I think the first scenario is more likely. The only time Mr Loomis seemed to let Ann do things her way is when he could not do things for himself, however, he never admitted it. ‘Age against youth’ is another strong theme as throughout the book you realise that Mr Loomis even though he is older he is not always wiser and more mature, in fact Ann is definitely the more mature of the two characters. Optimism and realism are two words that can explain Ann and Mr Loomis’ completely different personalities. Ann being the optimist who thinks that the results of an action will always be good and Mr Loomis being the realist he makes decisions based on facts and not on false hope. Throughout the book breeding is a theme, but more with Ann – she thinks towards the future and beginning the human-race again. The theme of art v science is one that occurs throughout the book. As Ann is interested in art and Mr Loomis is interested in science, a few quarrels occur between them. However, ‘quarrels’ is perhaps the wrong word because Mr Loomis always seemed to get his own way. Again, I will use the example of when Ann wanted to use the safe suit to collect some engineering and physics books for Mr Loomis; she also suggested that she get some for herself. Such as poetry. Yet Mr Loomis refused and said, â€Å"You could not go. Understand that. Keep away from the suit. Never touch it.† After Mr Loomis had given Ann his lecture, she could not understand why he had become so angry. It was alright if he wanted something but as soon as Ann wanted something to do with her interests, it was too much of a risk. Religion v atheism is a theme in the book. Ann being the religious one and Mr Loomis the atheist. I don’t think Ann is strongly religious, I just think she finds going to the church and praying a ‘comforting factor.’ Earlier I said Mr Loomis is an atheist. This means that he doesn’t believe that any god or gods exist, therefore he does not understand why Ann would want to go to the church and ‘waste her time’ praying. I enjoyed this book because there were few characters, which allowed you to get to know them better. I also liked the style of the book being in diary form because you didn’t have to read the minute by minute accounts of what is happening in the book you only get to read the exciting and more intense parts which would be written in a diary. The thing that made the book a little boring was the fact that there weren’t many different figures of speech. The length I though was too long, some parts of the book seemed to be dragged out to give it a longer length, for example when Mr Loomis is sick the book got a little boring because in the diary entries you really were only told what Ann had did that day, there wasn’t enough character interaction. One thing that I thought ruined the book was the ending, I thought it was exciting when you were told that there was hope that there could be other people still living and you wanted to keep reading and know if there was anyone else out there, but it just stopped. Taking the entire book into account my opinion is that it is quite good as I think it gives a good insight into what could happen if there is a nuclear explosion – it is realistic.

Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth

Aristotelian Tragedy: Macbeth Aristotle is known widely for developing his ideas on tragedy. He recorded these ideas in his Poetics in which he comments on the plot, purpose, and effect that a true tragedy must have. The structure of these tragedies has been an example for many writers including Shakespeare himself. Many of Shakespeare’s plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing Aristotle’s model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from battle, he is said to have fought with great courage and King Duncan himself awards him the title of the thane of Cawdor in reward for his bravery. The qualities make Macbeth a tragic hero as he possesses not only a noble title, but also the assets of a great warrior and hero. However, Aristotle emphasizes that if the tragic hero was as perfect as he seems than the audience would not be able to identify with him and this would not be considered a tragedy. Macbeth shows us his humanity very early in the play when he learns that Malcolm, Duncan’s son, will be the heir to the throne of Scotland. In response, Macbeth acknowledges that he himself should be awarded the crown and will not rest until royalty is his. Macbeth is an ambitious character, which is a quality that many humans can identify with. This ambitiousness is known as Macbeth’s tragic flaw. This leads to Aristotle’s next component of a tragedy, the tragic flaw. The hero’s tragic flaw must lead to the downfall of the character; his demise can be caused by no one other than himself. Macbeth’s ambitious personality leads him to become caught up in attaining power for himself. Macbeth’s ruthless behavior causes him to commit murder to Duncan in order to gain kingship. Even after his wish comes true, he continues to sacrifice the lives of others, including his close friend Banquo, to assure that he never loses his throne. However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of Macbeth’s life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle’s view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self-realization in his ‘yellow leaf’ soliloquy when he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play are a perfect example of the tragedies of that era.

DAIMLER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DAIMLER - Essay Example In 2010, Daimler managed to form an alliance with Nissan and Renault (Reed, 2013). Before this alliance, it is important to denote that Daimler and Chrysler had a merger with Chrysler. But because of cultural differences, the merger ended. Under this alliance, Renault and Nissan allowed Daimler to use their channels of distribution, and production units. This is in countries such as Slovenia and Japan. Daimler on the other hand allowed Nissan and Renault to use their 6-4 cylinder technology to produce diesel engines for their productions. In 2012, Nissan allowed Daimler to use its production plans in Tennessee to manufacture their Mercedes brand. This was the first time that Daimler managed to produce vehicles at a North American trade zone. Another deal that occurred this year was the incorporation of Mitsubishi, into an alliance with Nissan-Renault-Daimler. Under this agreement, the companies agreed to share factories and production units for purposes of creating a huge multi-brand international automotive group. The purpose of creating this automotive group is to manage to compete against automotive giants such as Toyota, and Volkswagen. In this agreement, the three companies are to help Mitsubishi to develop electric cars at their North American plants, in exchange of using the distribution channels, and production units of Mitsubishi in Japan, and the emerging markets of Asia (Pearson, 2013). This deal covered mainly, the production of electric cars. Daimler does not only have a strategic alliance with Renault-Nissan, but it also has a alliance with Beijing Automotive company. Beijing Automotive Company (BAIC) is a state owned company in China. For purposes of capturing the Chinese market, and making its brand of Mercedes as a leading brand in China, the company had to form an alliance with BAIC. Most recently, Daimler entered into a deal with BAIC. In this deal, Daimler managed to acquire a 12% stake at BAIC. This was worth 844 million dollars. In return, Daimler was to cede the control of their manufacturing joint venture. BAIC was to increase its stake at this manufacturing joint venture from 50, to 51%. This gave it a controlling stake at this venture. Daimler and BAIC also had a joint sales operations alliance (Tejada, 2013). Under this deal, BAIC was to cede the control of their sales operations to Daimler. Therefore, Daimler was to increase its stake at their sales operations joint venture from 50 to 51%. Under these deals, Daimler is able to tie itself to its Chinese partners, and hence provide stiff competition to BMW. BMW is the leading luxury car brand in China, and Daimler seeks to overturn this. Another alliance is with that of Teslo Automakers Corporation. The company owns a 4.3% stake at Teslo, and it uses their drive train technology, for purposes of producing electric cars. The main reason of entering into an alliance with Teslo is to reduce the market share of BMW as a leading luxury car brand (Welch, 2013). Part Fo ur: The strategies of the company are divided in four main areas, namely (Daimler. 2013); Strengthening of the organization’s core businesses. In order to strengthen its core businesses, Daimler has embarked on improving the quality of its motor vehicles through innovation, and by using new and emerging technologies. These innovations are aimed at expanding the market share of the business, by catering for the needs of its customers, as well as improving the qua

Assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Assignment 4 - Essay Example In other words, free will is said to be operant whenever an action is seen to be morally responsible or lack thereof. In the same vein, free will is applied to those actions which lead to significant consequences. The second condition is important, for there is no utility in dissecting the intentions of an individual when they do not spring from a will to act. Having said this, sometimes people make the right choices for the wrong reasons. To prevent such pitfalls, Campbell says that ‘inner acts’ is what needs to be considered, as opposed to ‘overt acts’. Campbell goes on to further refine the scope for free will. An individual cannot be held accountable for decisions and actions that are beyond his realm of control. To this extent, only those acts are accounted for, for which the instigator is the sole actor. As Campbell readily admits, his endeavour toward a sound definition of free will is only partially successful. Not only are there too many conditions, but there are also extraneous factors such as heredity and environment which have a bearing on the exercise of free will. Considering all the loopholes and external factors, Campbell adopts a simplified guideline, whereby, an individual can be blamed or praised for his acts, only if he could have acted otherwise. There is some merit to the view that heredity and circumstance can considerably limit human volition. But this premise only sets the scope within which free will can be evaluated. It does not follow that determinism is the overarching explanation for human action. The other major problem with determinism is that it disburdens people from moral responsibility. While Campbell’s success in defining free will could be debated, his essay has a definite utility. It helps the reader understand the various truisms, assumptions, variables, factors and pitfalls that the project entails. Yet, by the end

Myths of hair loss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Myths of hair loss - Essay Example These commotion myths add to the anxiety of individuals, if not to the hair loss itself. Most people think that their hair loss may be as a result of wearing hats, caps, or helmets. This group mostly refers to athletes and construction workers. They trust that wearing hats, caps and helmets triggers a straining effect on the hair follicles; thus causing the hair to fall out. But then again this is not true as no harm is caused by the hair follicles, unless the hat, cap, or helmet is very tight putting additional tension on the hair. However, filthy hats, caps, or helmets can bring about scalp infection, which may lead to hair loss. Secondly, other people claim that their hair loss is a result of a rubbing act that their mothers or guardians performed on their heads with black tar soap. This is nothing but a mere misconception and not true at all. Another myth is that hair loss is inherited from the mother’s section of the family. This myth is not true at all. This is uttered b y individuals as the primary baldness gene is found on the X chromosome, which individuals get from their mothers. In addition, from biology lessons, we learn that an offspring inherits the genes from both parents. Obviously, there is a dominant and recessive gene, but the case does not mean that the gene from the mother is always dominant. Although the mothers’ side is more dominant, baldness is not always the case in most individuals as other factors also contribute to balding.

Warehousing and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Warehousing and Inventory Management - Essay Example Proper inventory management helps increase operational efficiency across businesses, improve customer service, and reduce inventory & distribution costs. The inventory management system and inventory control process provide information to manage the flow of materials efficiently, utilize people and equipment effectively, co-ordinate internal activities, and communicate with customers. Inventory management does not make decisions or manage operations; they provide information to managers who make more accurate and timely decisions to manage their operations. Inventory management must be designed to meet the dictates of the market place and support the company’s strategic plan. The inventory management approach should be updated according to the changes in market demand, new opportunities due to world wide marketing, global sourcing of materials, and new manufacturing technologies. According to Smith (1998 ), the primary finite resource of a warehouse is space. The planning of this key physical factor is very important for the operating efficiency of the warehouse. To meet the objectives of warehouse, proper planning of warehouse space and layout requirements is imperative. The most important functions of a warehouse occur on the receiving and shipping docks where the control of merchandise is transferred, whether products are brought into the warehouse or taken from it. An important prerequisite of efficient, safe and accurate receiving and shipping activities is enough space in which to perform them. Let us review the following critical factors for determining warehouse space and layout planning: i) Staging Area: - The majority of warehouses require a staging area directly behind the dock maneuvering aisle. The staging area for receiving acts as an immediate depository for materials unloaded from the carrier. This area serves as an accumulation point for the merchandise that

Alternative perspectives of international political economy 1 Essay

Alternative perspectives of international political economy 1 - Essay Example The ultimate generalization that exists within the rational choice model is that the individual or collective will make a choice based upon that which maximizes their overall best interests. However, the authors point to the fact that the rational choice model presents a noted difficulty in the fact that it raises the question of who and what defines the â€Å"public†. Whether or not there is indeed a concerted voice, even within a democratic system is an issue that directly concerns the means through which the rational choice model can be applicable to IPE. The authors reference the case in point of corrupt elected officials acting â€Å"rationally† by accepting bribes and payouts; however, even though this is true with some, the rational choice model inherently breaks down over such mores and norms of character that are exhibited by others who refuse such bribes and payouts. Ultimately what is rational choice for one is not for another; thereby calling into question t he degree and extent to which this can or should be used to define IPE. Constructivism Constructivist theory is introduced as a â€Å"deconstruction† of existing factors. ... ssumptions of constructivist theory, with respect to IPE, can be summarized in the following: 1) ideas, beliefs, values, and identities of individuals and groups are the key to understanding IPE 2) ideas, values, beliefs, and identities are socially constructed 3) ideas, values, etc., are social forces that are more important than military or economic factors 4) conflict and cooperation are products of values and beliefs 5) change can be explained by examining changes in the values and beliefs of individuals and other actors over time. Feminist Critique Within the feminist critique, the authors argue for the fact that IPE is predicated upon the norms, mores of gender roles, stereotypes, patriarchy etc. Moreover, overlooked aspects of IPE are due to the fact that the pervasive sexism has sidelined women over the decades. As such, a focus upon gender, loaded language, subtexts, male dominance of not only society but economic studies especially economics is oftentimes engaged. This is a broad based dynamic that is not succinct and can easily be transitioned to apply in a great litany of different situations. Ultimately, the dynamic through which the decisions of IPE have taken place since the dawn of time have in fact been dominated by men and by a patriarchal sense of sexism. As such, it is perhaps this one approach, of all the others that have been engaged, that has the most to offer with regards to approaching seemingly old issues from a fresh perspective and gaining new insight into them. Hegemonic stability theory Hegemonic stability theory can roughly be defined as the understanding that a given power, invariably rich and powerful, dominates other states for a length of time; instituting norms, expectations, and ultimately collapsing under its own weight. Such a

Slavery between 1800 and 1865 and the the development of the American Essay

Slavery between 1800 and 1865 and the the development of the American South - Essay Example Slavery is interesting because there are many economic, political, social and cultural implications, which will be covered during the course of this essay. Social and Cultural Slavery The main social implication of slavery is that there will always be one ruling class and one formed of slaves. In the case of the United States, people were born into slavery and it was very difficult to escape, unless you could escape to the Union states and begin a new life, something which was not always easy. This led to black slaves being seen as inferior and finding it very difficult to move up the hierarchy into becoming landowners. This led to the culture that the United States has only recently (debatably) escaped, which is thinking that black people are somehow inferior. After the abolition of slavery, black people still found it very difficult to be treated equally to the white European settlers, simply because the cultural and social stereotype of slavery was left behind. Slavery in Economic s Economically, slavery was more positive. There were many available sources of labor which could be bought for a one-off price and then used until the slave was no longer fit for work. This was particularly important in cotton agriculture, because a large number of field hands were required for every harvest. The economics of the situation are impressive because actually, cheap or free labor is something that still occurs in the modern age and has been very useful to many companies over the years. This facet of slavery is interesting because if you take it apart from the other problems, it seems to make the situation seem almost positive, something which cannot be said of how slavery affected people themselves politically, morally and socially. Slavery in Politics Political interests in slavery have been wide-ranging and varied over the years. The Civil War occurred between 1861 and 1865 and was essentially a war waged between two sides (Union and Confederate) that could not bring themselves to agree politically about the topic of slavery. The Union side favored abolition, and was the side that eventually won. Politically, most people today would agree with the Union side, perhaps because of this victory and perhaps because of the burgening social interest in equality between races. The Confederate side believed that slavery was an essential part of the lifestyle, and necessary to keep the cotton (and other) crops being grown and harvested successfully. Slavery was part of the way of life, with slaves being incorporated into nearly every family, with the number of slaves a household possessed being a generally accepted measure of wealth. This ties in well with the social and cultural implications of slavery, which essentially suggested that the American South required slavery to continue being the prosperous land that it was. Slavery and the Development of the American South Slavery is something that affected the development of the American South greatly. As previously mentioned, slavery was a great part of the culture in the South prior to the Confederate states losing the American Civil War. Every respected household had black slaves up until (and past) the point at which it was illegal. The American South is still famous for having a higher level of racial inequality than the North, and this may be something of a hangover from

A History of the World Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A History of the World Economy - Essay Example However, it remarkably focuses on the gains and resilience of the free world economy. It systematically traces the origins and ultimate arrival of a global order now ubiquitously termed as globalization. The industrial revolution in the early 18th century ushered in an era from when there has been no looking back. Be it political, social or economical developments, changes had started happening, and happening fast. Too fast for philosophers and researchers to apply the prevalent principles and pinpoint which way the world was headed and how best to keep matters under control to avoid situations running out of hand. Unknown then, the world was inexorably headed towards two world wars when the globe caught in the destabilizing politics of world domination by different European countries and exultant with the benefits of the new inventions like the "Morse Code" telegraph and the steam engine, did not think what could happen to a globe as a result of selfish motives. And when the wars did take place in two quick successions it was too late to put in place a proper political and economical order. It also led to a debilitating depression when the political framework and economic structures had lost their moorings and had to be restructured from a scratch. None would challenge the view that the concept of globalization existed well before its actual ascendance. The very term 'globalization' has seen a widespread and rapid usage and acceptance since the last two decades. Economists like Martin Albrow defined globalization in terms of a single world society and system of processes which incorporates the world into one homogenous order. Or like Anthony Giddens who described globalization as a "new form of world interdependence." However, none would have guessed the enormity of scale in which globalization has seen changes in world economy in which economy that was not based on democratic principles was bound to collapse. The book has little to offer on the pre-globalisation era except during the pre and post war periods. It only dwells at length on the different situations and practices of economy in different parts of Europe, especially central and east Europe in comparison with the well developed economy of the north and northwestern Europe. Communication and Transport The upsurge in economy resulting from rapid advances in communication and transport saw the emergence of a new world order. Corrupt, obsolete socialist, bigotry, and archaic systems could do little to withstand the speed with which they had to introduce reforms they would have rejected had they the choice. True, globalization to any countries was synonymous with western culture. Because western countries like the USA, UK, Germany, and France were anyway in the forefront of the new economic system. The speed and ease with which communication and traveling became possible with the internet and airways and bullet trains were quickly adapted by these nations and countries like China, India, Korea, and the Eastern. European nations like Poland followed suit with their large skilled workforce. The book systematically closes in, following the events of the 18th century onwards, on the inevitability of globalization even in the face of stiff

Letter-to-Congressperson - Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter-to-Congressperson - Geology - Assignment Example Global warming leads to a rise in sea level and eventual flooding due to the rise in temperature by a few degrees that melt the ice caps. As such, countries that are below or in a short range above sea level will be in danger of flooding. The Kyoto protocol thus comes into play to prevent any factors that increase global warming. Some of the causes that have been envisaged over time are the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The Kyoto protocol has its focus on the reduction of six main greenhouse gases, which include Sulphur hexafluoride, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide. The gases are produced by industries and the more industries a country has, the more emissions released to the atmosphere. The United States contributes to 35% of the total emissions in the world according to the Kyoto Protocol Annex and thus should be the first country to take the protocol seriously. As it builds, more industries at present and in future the emission consequently increase. As such, the Kyoto protocol ensures that the affected countries reduce the emissions to the acceptable minimum. The United States only signed the Kyoto protocol but did not ratify it and disengaged in 2001 as noted earlier. The former president George W. Bush was instrumental in disengaging from the Kyoto protocol. Bill Clinton had signed the protocol, but it was not taken to the Senate to approve it. H noted that the coal industry would significantly be affected by the introduction of the Kyoto protocol since the country relies on it in the employment of its citizens and production of energy and use in industries. The then President George Bush sought not to ratify the protocol due to the energy crisis that he said was looming globally. Additionally, no conclusive reason was there and specified solutions for the industries in the affected countries to follow in reducing the

Research Project Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Research Project Climate Change Essay INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation of the weather in global scale which include changes in temperature, precipitation, nebulosity and other phenomena. These variations last for an extended period of time (decades to millions of years) and they can be caused by external forces (variations on the solar activity, orbital variations, impact of meteorites), internal forces (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, El Nino), or by results of the human activity (global warming). Global Warming There are many questions about global warming, from its causes to its effects, and many people even question whether or not it even exists. Global warming is described as the increase of the average temperature of the Earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as deforestation, use of fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion and cement production. According to the global warming theory, the intensification of industrial activities during the twentieth century (based on the fossil fuel combustion such as petrol and coal) increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The increase of the global temperature and the new composition of the atmosphere lead to several alterations which affect the elevation of the sea level, heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions, to name a few. Greenhouse effect and the emission of CO2 Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. If it were not for the greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, the Earth would be a very cold place. Greenhouse gases are any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation produced by solar warming. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and water vapor. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, but the elevated levels are directly blamed to human activities, specially the production in excess of carbon dioxide when any material containing carbon is burned, such as oil, coal, natural gas, or wood. However it is controversial whether the human activities are to blame for the global warming due to the emission of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide represents a very small percentage of the gases in the atmosphere (only 0.032%) and it is immediately absorbed by the vegetation, in all kind of environments, without any possibility of accumulation anywhere. The population that consumes CO2 (plants) is much bigger than the population that is emitting this gas (men and machines). Besides, the energy used in the process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere is endless: the solar energy. Mainly, the determining factors of the climate change are basically the energy of the sun or insulation and the speed of the rotation and translation of the Earth. Is Global Warming Real? Although the whole world is aware of the global warming issue and is afraid of what its impacts could do in the coming future, there are those who still believe global warming is a fiction and does not exist. The global warming debate in many parts of the earth is ranging more than before. One of the world’s best known climate change sceptic John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel, has claimed that the theory of man-made climate change is no longer scientifically credible and rising global temperatures points to a natural phenomenon within a developing eco-system. According to Coleman, global warming has become a political and environment agenda item, but the science is not valid, and efforts to prove the theory that carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas and pollutant causing significant warming or weather effects have failed. â€Å"The impact of humans on climate is not  catastrophic†, he says, â€Å"our planet is not in peril. It is all a scam, the result of bad science.† (John Coleman, 2014) On the other hand, former Vice President Al Gore, who had an award-winning documentary film in 2006 called An Inconvenient Truth which discusses the present and future effects of global warming, continues his fight against global warming and says that â€Å"we simply cannot continue to use the atmosphere as an open sewer for dirty and dangerous global warming pollution that endangers our health and makes storms, floods, mudslides and droughts much more dangerous and threatening.† (Al Gore, 2014). He supports the adoption of renewable energy such as solar and wind power and enforces bold new standards for fuel economy. CONCLUSION Whether global warming is a consequence of human activities or other phenomena (or both), it is real and climate change is happening. We should all do our part to help alter the future path of human-induced warming by adopting a more responsible lifestyle to reduce the amount of CO2 emission by reducing waste, recycling, switching to green power (wind and solar), planting trees, carpooling and so on. Also, less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. REFERENCES Climate Change. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/global-warming.php (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Coleman, J. (2014) Global Warming Greatest Scam in History! – Global Warming And The Climate. Retrieved from http://www.global-warming-and-the-climate.com/ arguments-against-global-warming.htm Gore, A. (June 18, 2014) The Turning Point: New Hope for the Climate. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/ the-turning-point-new-hope-for-the- climate-20140618 Statement by Former Vice President Gore on Australias climate policy. July 17, 2014. Retrieved from blog.algore.com (Online; accessed 19-November-2014).

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study Abstract The psychological abuse of men by their partners has been acknowledged as an important form of partner abuse in domestic violence research. There is dearth of psychological research on emotional abuse of males by their intimate partners. The sample comprised of 150 males (equal number of married and unmarried/ in an intimate relationship), in the age range of (18-30 years old). Guttman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale (Weiss Marmar) were used. Analysis of data showed that the intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significantly correlated. The results revealed that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse leading to PTSD. Women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases. Results also showed that the participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. Keywords: Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse, PTSD, Men, Victim. Introduction Anintimate relationship is an  interpersonal relationship  that involves  physical  or  emotional intimacy.1 Intimate partner violence (IPV), which includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of one partner by another, is a national social and health problem affecting thousands of individuals and families. 2 Women typically suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men who experience female perpetrated violenc.3, 4 Male victims of domestic violence have been seriously neglected in public policy, but they are not rare at all, they’re just less likely to report it.5 However, the researchers have revealed the significance of IPV on male victims, specifically the study of psychological abuse against men.4, 6, 7 Walker described six components of emotional abuse: (a)verbal attacks (ridicule, verbal harassment, name calling); (b)isolation (social or financial); (c)jealousy/possessiveness (even with family, friends, and pets); (d)verbal threats of harm, abuse, or torture; (e)threats to divorce, abandon, or have an affair; and (f)damage to or destruction of personal property.8 Emotional abuse is very common and extremely damaging to victims. Many of IPV survivors have asserted that emotional abuse is worse than physical abuse and has long-lasting effects.9 Emotional abuse is a significant predictor of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and negative mood and psychosomatic complaints. 10 Studies of female victims of IPV have repeatedly shown that physical IPV leading to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder 11,12,13,14,15,16 but between 25% and 50% of victims of physical IPV in a given year are men.2, 17, 18 The association between psychological abuse and negative health outcomes in men required more exploration in future to better understand this association. Studies showed that in intimate partner relationship, one of the strongest predictors for violence is the experience of violence in the family. Intimate partner abuse is a learnt pattern of behavior, so abusiveness is not a lack of control and it is not an illness. 19 According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-IV, PTSD is a psychiatric condition that follow the experience of a traumatic incident, the symptoms tend to cluster on three dimensions: persistent reexperiencing of the trauma, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and persistent increased arousal.20 Many people who experience a traumatic event having at least some symptoms of PTSD.11,12,14,15 Although psychological or mild physical IPV can elicited posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. 11,13,14,16 Psychological abuse strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV.21 Hines and Saudino found that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners. 22 Researchers like Randle and Graham have demonstrated the emotionally abused men can experience depression, psychological distress and PTSD.23 Hines and Douglas also noted the associations between emotional abuse and post traumatic stress symptoms in men.24 Method 2.1. Participants Participants consisted of (n=150) males with equal number of married and unmarried (in a relationship with female partner).The data for the study was collected from DAV College, Government College for boys in Chandigarh, India. Participants had to be between the ages of 18-35 years old. They also had to have been involved in an intimate relationship at least for 4-5 years. 2.2. Procedure: Participants were given the questionnaires regarding demographics, aggressive behaviors that they and their female partners may have used and more detailed information regarding their last argument (if applicable), their mental health and various risk factors. 2.3. Measures 2.3.1. Gottman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (GEAQ) This test developed by Gottman and Gottman in (2009) at the Gottman Institute, it consist of 25 items with two choice of true and false answers. Reliability and validity of test are satisfied. The IES-R was developed in Weiss and Marmar (1997) to reflect the DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The original Impact of Events Scale (IES) predated the adoption of PTSD as a ‘legitimate’ diagnosis in the DSM-III of 1980 and measured two of the four DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. However, the response format in the IES assesses the ‘frequency of symptoms’ (not at all = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes = 3 and often = 5) and was changed in the IES-R to measure ‘symptom severity’ (0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely). 2.3.4 Sociodemographics Men were asked basic demographic information themselves and their partners including age, income, education, occupation and also asked about current status of their relationship (Married, Unmarried, divorce, Cohabitation) and how many children involved in that relationship. Statistical analysis Data analyses were completed using SPSS version 8.0 Software. Descriptive statics viz, mean and standard deviation was performed. Pearson r was used to find the co- relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and t-tests was used to find the differences in married and unmarried men. Results 3.1. Differences between samples in Demographics, Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse (IPEA) and other mediators The differences between the married and unmarried samples in demographic characteristics showed that, in terms of overall violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence of violence than married men. Marital status showed that unmarried men were more likely to be young compared to married men. Married and unmarried men also differed in respect to education. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. Also women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases. 3.2. Correlations between an intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD: The investigation revealed that men who sustained IPEA had a greater likelihood of reaching PTSD, the analysis showed that the association between IPEA and PTSD were significant (.843**) at level of 0.01. Then we divided the samples into two groups married (n=75) and unmarried (n=75) to obtain the correlation between IPEA and PTSD in unmarried men and unmarried men separately. Table 1 contains the mean, standard deviation and standard error mean of emotional abuse and PTSD for both married and unmarried and indicates the t-test to find the differences of emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Table 1.The obtained mean and standard deviations and t-ratio are presented. Significant at p Table 2.Correlation between IPEA and PTSD **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level(2-tailed). In table 2 showed that there is significantly positive relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD, it means that the higher intimate partner emotional abuse is a higher PTSD among men. Table 3.Correlation of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD in Married and Unmarried **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Table 3 showed that the correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Results indicates that correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married men were significant (.709**) at level 0.01 and unmarried men were positively significant (866**) at level 0.01. 4. Discussion â€Å"Today, IPV is recognized as a serious problem, which affects the personal and familial well-being†.25 Straus reported that men are not considered traditional victims of intimate partner violence, but between 2007 and 2009, male who denounced cases of IPV in Porto, compute for a relevant portion of all the victims of IPV.26 General knowledge about this phenomena has increased over the years, therefore, it is expected that the number of victims who look for help become more. In so many cases, men did not report that they have abused by their intimate partner, particularly because they afraid of being an object of ridicule.25, 27 In a specific society, it is expected that men are not abused by women, but currently in western societies, where there is greater gender equality, the rate of male victims of IPV is significant.28 The present study, the first is to investigate the associations between PTSD and Intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) victimization among men which provides that the PTSD is a major concern among men who sustain IPEA. In addition, comparing the married and unmarried men and their association with PTSD then we are able to figure out the differences between married and unmarried who are emotionally abused and also suffering from PTSD. A study examined PTSD symptoms in male and female survivors of IPV.21 Psychological abuse was strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV. Concerns with male victims of IPV, findings showed that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners.22 In support of previous research, this research found that for both samples (married and unmarried men) who sustain IPEA were significantly high on PTSD.21,29, 6 The model for this sample was congruent with what others have found regarding the influence of prior history of abuse, sustaining trauma, and social support on PTSD.30 Consistent with past studies which showed that cohabiters, generally have a higher risk of violence than married.31,32,33,34,35 The current study found that cohabiting men have an elevated risk of experiencing IPEA as compared to married men. However the results showed that when comparing married and unmarried men, married men, who sustain IPEA, were significantly less likely to experience PTSD than those who were in an intimate relationship. Typically women suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men.3,4,7 However, researchers have found the significance of IPV on male victims.4,6 In the current study the perpetrators were all women. According to these studies, women are as capable as men to perpetrate violence against their intimate partners and they do it more frequently. 36,37,38 According to demography, the study supports this concept as well. In addition to PTSD being exponentially higher in unmarried men, associations between PTSD and IPEA were somehow different. Regarding violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence than married men of reporting having experienced violence. Marital status in unmarried men was more likely to be young compared to married men. In terms of education, married and unmarried men also were differed. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. 4.1. Study limitations The limitations of current study need to be considered to future research. First, this is a correlation study, so assumption about causality cannot be strongly enacted. and third, Second, by analyzing the men’s reports of IPEA, it is possible that the men overestimated their female partner’s use of IPEA so we have no guarantee of the realness of their reports thus future studies should seek to obtain information from both sides. 4.2. Conclusions The results of this study allowed us to conclude that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA). Analysis showed that the association between intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significant and in all cases women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse. Results also showed that the participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. The results of this study and other works indicate that this may be the most fruitful way to provide treatment for men who have experienced IPEA and present with PTSD symptoms. References: 1. Miller R, Perlman D. Intimate Relationships. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages; 2008. 2. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women 2000; 6: 142–161. 3. Archer J. Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 2000; 126(5): 651–680. 4. Hines DA, Malley-Morrison K. Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: A neglected research area. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2001: 2(2); 75–85. 5. National Coalition For Men (NCFM ) http://ncfm.org/know-the-issues/mens-rights-issues/ ;2014 (last accessed on 5th July2014). 6. Hines DA. Post-traumatic stress symptoms among men who sustain partner violence: A multinational study of university students. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2007; 8: 225–239. 7. Holtzworth-Munroe A. Male versus female intimate partner violence: Putting findings in context. Journal of Marriage and Family 2005; 67:1120– 1125. 8. Walker LE. The Battered Woman Syndrome, Springer Publishing Company, New York 1984. 9. Lynch S, Graham-Berman SA. Women abuse and self-affirmation: Influences on women’s self-steem. Violence against women 2000; 6(2):78-97. 10. Arias I, Pape KT. Psychological abuse: implications for adjustment and commitment to leave violent partners. Violence Vict 1999; 14(1):55-67. 11. Astin B, Lawrence KJ, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women: Risk and resiliency factors. Violence and Victims 1993;8(1):17–28. 12. Cascardi M, O’Leary KD, Lawrence EE, Schlee KA. Characteristics of women physically abused by their spouses and who seek treatment regarding marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63(4):616–623. 13. Housekamp BM, Foy DW. The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1991;6:367–375. 14. Kemp A, Rawlings EI, Green BL. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women: A shelter sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1991;4:137–148. 15. Saunders DG. Post-traumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: A comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence and Victims 1994;9:31–44. 16. Woods S, Isenberg MA. Adaptation as a mediator of intimate abuse and traumatic stress in battered women. Nursing Science Quarterly 2001;14:215–221. 17. Cook PW. Abused men: The hidden side of domestic violence (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger 2009. 18. Stith S, Straus MA. Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/V56.pdf ;1995. (last accessed on 20th July2014). 19. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence. Truma, violence, abuse 2002; 3(3), 210-225. 20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed text revision. Washington, DC: Author 2000. 21. Coker AL, Weston R, Creson DL, Justice B, Blakeney P. PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence: The role of risk and protective factors. Violence and Victims 2005;20:625–643. 22. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised Conflict Tactic Scales. Violence and Victims 2003;18: 197–217. 23. Randle AA, Graham CA. A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 2011;12(2):97-111. 24. Hines DA, Douglas EM. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence: A study of helpseeking and community samples. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2011;12(2):112-127. 25. Carmo R, Grams A, Magalhà £es T. Men as victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2011; 18(8):355-359. 26. Straus MA. Womens violence toward men is a serious social problem. In: Loseke DR, Gelles RJ, Cavanaugh MM, editors. Current controversies on famlly violence, 2nd ed. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 2005. P.55-77. 27. Felson RB, Parà © P. The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police. J Marriage Fam 2005;67:597-610. 28. Archer J. Cross-cultural difference in physical aggression between partners: A social-role analysis. Personality and Social Review 2006;10(2):133– 153. 29. Dansky BS, Byrne CA, Brandy KT. Intimate violence and post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with cocaine dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1999;25: 257–268. 30. Fontana A, Rosenheck R. PTSD among Vietnam theater veterans: A causal model of etiology in a community sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994;182:677–684. 31. Anderson KL. Gender, status, and domestic violence: An integration of feminist and family violence approaches. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1997;59(3):655-669. 32. Brinkerhoff, M. B., Lupri, E. Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 1988;13(4):407-434. 33. Jackson NA. Observational experiences of intrapersonal conflict and teenage victimization: A comparative study among spouses and cohabitors. Journal of Family Violence 1996;11(3):191-203. 34. Stets JE. Cohabiting and marital aggression: The role of social isolation. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1991;53(3):669-680. 35. Stets JE, Straus MA. The marriage license as a hitting license: A comparison of assaults in dating, cohabiting, and married couples. Journal of Family Violence 1989;4(2), 161-180. 36. Swan SC, Gambone LJ, Caldwell JE, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. A review of research on women’s use of violence with male intimate partners. Violence and Victims 2008;28:301-14. 37. Dutton DG, Nicholas TL, Spidel A. Female Perpetrators of Intimate Abuse. Women Who Perpetrate Relationship Violence: Moving Beyond Political Correctness. Pp. 1-31. Available online at http://lab.drdondutton.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/DUTTON-NICHOLLS-AND-SPIDEL-2005-FEMALE-PERPETRATORS-OF-INTIMATE-VIOLENCE.pdf ;2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. (last accessed on 20th sep2014). 38. Carney M, Buttell F, Dutton D. Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence: a review of the literature with recommendations for treatment. Aggress Violent Beh 2007;12:108-15.

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan Globalization has had a great impact in the modern world, and has even come to affect the economy of several Latin American countries. However, has globalization affected the Nicaraguan Economical panorama? In order to answer this question, it is important to take Nicaraguas history into account, a history that has been smeared with endless corruption. Another idea that must be kept in mind is the term â€Å"globalization† has numerous amounts of definitions, so in order to identify the answer; a proper definition must be structured. Within the context of globalization, it is trivial to identify if the key treaties like the ALBA and the CAFTA have had any significant effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Through a careful evaluation, it will be noticed that Globalization has not had an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy yet; however the roots of globalization can already be traced to the economy. One of the limitations found in this research paper was the gathering of different sources from the rural sectors of the country, as the rural perspective of this essay is of much importance to define if globalization has affected Nicaragua or not. Introduction Globalization has started to influence the Nicaraguan economic scheme from the beginning of the 21st century. The Nicaraguan population should ask themselves if globalization would aid the economic stance they are in. Another question that must be asked is if the new trade agreements will benefit or harm the private sector of the rural Nicaraguan farmers. The last question to be answer is, â€Å"Globalization from what side?† as the American Hemisphere seems to be structured with a strong Capitalist giant on the top, The United States of America, and numerous amounts of underdeveloped Socialist countries, which can be said to be most of South America, consisting of Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia, Uruguay all have socio-democratic governments, that exercise populist tendencies. Another point that should be kept in mind is the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA, as the socio-democratic alignment that Nicaragua currently has should be kept in mind. Both treaties should be considered in the â€Å"global† sense as there are currently four enlisted countries in the ALBA agreement, which are Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Ecuador; while the CAFTA is conformed of The United States, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican Republic and Costa Rica. The main concern in regards to globalization may not even be of an economic impact, but rather on of an ideological degree. The Nicaraguan populations view on globalization is of a loss of national pride, as if the United States would take over the countrys economy; which to some extent is true. The ideological conflict, however, stands on whether to be a nationalist, a socialist or a capitalist. Nicaraguas preferences must be examined in order to determine if globalization will have an effect in the Nicaraguan economy. Nicaragua has a long history of corruption that can be traced back to the 1930s with the Somoza dynasty, and can then be followed along the list of Somoza family members onto the Sandinista Mandate and then into the 21st century with the newly elected â€Å"liberal parties†. It is important to recognize Nicaraguas background in order to determine if Globalization will benefit or harm the economy. In order to truly define the â€Å"sort† of globalization that suits Nicaragua best, a definitely structured definition must be established, as â€Å"globalization† is wide in the range of it meaning. Definition of Globalization The definition of globalization can be branched into three main concepts. The first of the concepts can be referred to as the â€Å"broad† point of view, in which globalization is interpreted without inclinations towards the foreign or domestic perspectives. In this notion, we call â€Å"globalization† when a company or multi-national industry invests capital in a usually underdeveloped economy such as Nicaragua. The other two perspectives stray apart when the question of â€Å"why would the companies invest in underdeveloped countries?† is asked. The â€Å"Imperialist† perspective bases itself on the moral principal of stimulating under developed countrys economies. In this lay out, a corporation such as Nike sets out a factory in the under developed country in order to provide jobs for the grand unemployed population. By providing such work, the corporation is thus permitted to pay low fees to its new employees. If a company does not wish to set up a factory in a new location, they can still enter the local markets through Commerce treaties. In Nicaragua there are two possible treaties, the CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement) and the ALBA (Alternativa Bolivariana), the CAFTA being the most suitable, as it permits United States owned companies to compete in local markets. Taking the Imperialist point of view, the local population is given new choices in the market from which to buy from, choices that are sometimes less expensive and thus more economically feasible for a greater part of the population. The â€Å"Anti-imperialist† perspective, otherwise known as the down side to globalization, regards globalization as â€Å"Economic terrorism†. This point of view focuses on the injustices that these corporations bring upon the under developed countries. The first injustice is the claim that these companies pay a misery of a fee to the employees thus only keeping them busy instead of â€Å"feeding them†, reason for why this low pay condition is usually referred to as a â€Å"Sweat-Shops†. The most impacting injustice would be the fact that these corporations are allowed to compete in local markets. The reason for this claim is that the foreign companies offer products of a cheaper nature, and therefore encourage the local merchants to buy foreign products instead of local ones. Once the local products are not consumed, the national domestic companies thus run out of business placing people out of work. The only form of globalization encouraged in Nicaragua, is one through the ALBA agreement, as the conditions in this treaty are of Self-Growth concepts between allied Latin American countries Venezuela, Bolivia, and Nicaragua. Nicaraguas Economic Background during the Somoza era and the Sandinistas. In the 1936, the Nicaraguan population elected Anastasio Somoza Garcia to power. At this moment, the Nicaraguan economy is on the rise. The main exports were cattle and coffee, settling Nicaragua as one of the richest countries of Central America in the first half of the 20th century. Somoza Garcia, however set Nicaraguas faith by providing the United States with raw materials during World War Two for the Allied war effort. This close association with the United States set the Nicaraguas economical and political dependence to the will of the United States. During his presidency; however, he did not increase the Nicaraguan Economy to a significant degree, instead hes main dedication was of a personal extent. Somoza Garcias tactics consisted of diverting government funds to his own accounts, and purchasing government lands at ridiculously low prices. While the Nicaraguan economy remained at a flat constant, Somoza Garcias personal Bank accounts were at an all time raise. During the wartime, he attained numerous facilities to which income was due, facilities such as a cement factory, the national railroad, a cement factory, most textile plants, several electric power companies, the national airlines, and an extensive control over the banks. His personal income, after World War Two, was estimated to have been of 60 million dollars. After Somoza Garcias death in 1956, his younger son Anastasio Somoza Debayle took control of the presidency and succeeds his father in power. A few years later, after a rigged election, Luis Somoza Debayle, Anastasio Somozas older son, took control of the Nicaraguan presidency. During Luis Somozas presidency, the Nicaraguan economy was hit with a drop in Coffee production, as now the competitions for their main product had been expanded onto other locations and were purchased at even lower prices, causing Nicaragua to drop prices as well. It wasnt the coffee drop, however, that caused many grievances to the Nicaraguan Economy, it was the 1972 Earthquake that caused $15 million in damages. Richard Nixon, however, aided the Nicaraguan government with a donation of $50 million. The Nicaraguan Treasury only reported $17 million of that donation, while the other $33 million was believed to be in Luis Somozas personal bank accounts abroad. It was until 1980 that the Somoza dynasty was replaced by another sort of mandate, a leftist government. In 1980, the United States lifted its â€Å"protective shield† over the Somoza family and allowed internal social conflicts to rise out of control. Luis Somoza was then pressured by the United States to leave Nicaragua with the threat of freezing bank accounts that were located in United States banks. The country was therefore left in the hands of the Revolutionary party F.S.L.N (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional, which is translated to â€Å"Sandinista Front, for National Liberation†), which was commanded by Daniel Ortega. At the moment the F.S.L.N gained presidential authorities, the economic situation had an incredible deficit as major loans were issued from the World Bank. The F.S.L.N, or the Sandinista party for short, did not play a significant role for the Nicaraguan Economy, as their main intentions remained to â€Å"restore the social injustice†. Governmental and private lands were both confiscated and given to the Nicaraguan population as a sort of Land Reform. Not all the land was given to â€Å"the people†, most of it was kept by the high ranking officers such as Daniel Ortega, his brother Humberto Ortega, his right-hand man Tomas Borge and several other Sandinista generals. The countrys economic status dropped from being one of the richest countries in Central America, to being the poorest in the American Hemisphere, preceding only Haiti on the list. It is said by the Director of the Nicaraguan Economic Institute during the 1980s, father Xabier Golostiaga, that â€Å"the Sandinista government, when they took power, found a country with no financial resources†, and also stated that only 3.5 million dollars were found from the 19 banks that were nationalized; however, according Father Golostiaga, Nicaragua inherited a debt of $1.6 billion dollars, while more than half of that money was never used on the Nicaraguan grounds. Even though the Sandinista government is still regarded as a group of â€Å"bandits† in Nicaragua, they did relieve a great percentage of the external debt that Nicaragua had attained during the Somoza dynasty. At the beginning of the Sandinista mandate, influences shifted from the United States the Soviet Union. Nicaragua would engage in trade with the USSR instead of the United States, as the United States had placed Nicaragua in a sort of Financial Boycott. Once the Cold War was over, and ties with the USSR started to shed, the Sandinista government seemed to lose its grasp over the governmental panorama. In 1990, the Sandinista government accepted elections to go forth, losing to candidate Violeta Barrios de Chamarro of the U.N.O party (National Opposition Union). The Nicaraguan Economic panorama (between 1991 and 2007). In 1991, after the Nicaraguan Revolution and the decline of a communist dictatorship, finally, the first liberal government was established during the globalization era. The UNO mandate, cleared much of the economic rubble that the Sandinista dictatorship had left behind. During Violeta Barrioss presidency, she was denied compensation by the United States for damages during the â€Å"Contras† period. After this, donations from European countries were effected, as Nicaragua still remained the worlds second poorest country. It can be said that Nicaragua was institutionalized in a sort of rehabilitation for 7 years in order to get on its feet again. Seven years later, elections were carried out and the Nicaraguan , where people elected Arnoldo Aleman as president from the Liberal Constitutional Party (PLC). At this moment the economy was â€Å"up and running†; and was receiving donation from developed countries, receiving the most from Spain. Besides the flow of income, due to chronic corruption during his government, a 50 million dollar deficit was filed. Arnoldo Aleman had been diverting governmental funds to a private bank account in Switzerland and was arrested for corruption, and money laundry. Corruption had once again been in the hands of a single man. In 2001, Nicaragua saw yet another election, in which Arnoldos vice-president was elected president, president Enrique Bolanos. Nicaraguas economy suffered a stalemate, as president Bolanoss presidency served to â€Å"clean the corruption of the political panorama† and to pay off most of the debts that Nicaragua has inherited during the Sandinistas regime and the Somoza dynasty. The Economic effects of the ALBA and the CAFTA agreements. The CAFTA and the ALBA treaties share similarities within their texts; however, both treaties are approached from different perspectives. The ALBA treaty, is not just considered a treaty, according to Hugo Chavez, it is a bond between Latin American countries, and as Chavez stated: â€Å"Latin America will save itself alone†. So far, there are only 5 members to the ALBA treaty, which members are: Cuba, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela. The CAFTA on the other hand is seen as simply a â€Å"treaty† between the United States and Central America and the Dominican Republic. This approach by the United States has â€Å"scared off† most of the trust among the population, as it suits the symptoms of an economically manipulative doctrine. The points of the CAFTA are expressed as follows: President Hugo Chà ¡vez in his intervention in ALADI has summarized the principals ALBA as the following topics: 1. To promote the fight against the poverty 2. To preserve the autonomy and Latin American identity 3. The transference of technology, the technical assistance 4. The formation of human resources 5. To prioritize national companies us public beings suppliers 6. The agreements could not be obstacle to the diffusion of the scientific and technological progress 7. To face the abuse of the monopolies and oligopolies through effective mechanisms that assure fare competition 8. The foreign investors will not be able to demand the countries by the handling of state monopolies of public interest 9. Treatment special and differentiated to unequal economies to open opportunities to the weakest 10. Process of wide social participation, which can be characterized like democratic 11. Economic, social, cultural and civil rights should be interdependent, indivisible and can not be waived 12. The commercial interests of the investors will not be able to have supremacy over the human rights or over the sovereignty of the States 13. Creation of founds of structural convergence for the correction of asymmetries The different definitions of Globalization must be kept aside when comparing the ALBA and CAFTA, as the goal of a foreign agreement is to aid Nicaraguas economy regardless of ideological opinion. The CAFTA is regarded as the treaty that puts forth the â€Å"Americanization† of a country, as on the contrary, the ALBA encourages Nationalistic growth. The CAFTA agreement encourages United States corporations into investing their capital in underdeveloped countries in exchange for tax liberation, lower employee costs, and a guarantee in case of corporate loss due to a social instability. The preamble of such documents states: â€Å"The CAFTA is designed to eliminate tariffs and trade barriers and expand regional opportunities for the workers, manufacturers, consumers, farmers, ranchers and service providers of all the countries.† The CAFTA, however, interferes with the local market thus damaging the economy anyway, as the bankrupted domestic companies are fully taxed and pay proper salaries to their employees, when I the other hand the foreign corporations pay miserable fees and when in regard to domestic re-investment, the it is unclear of how much of the companys profits are to be invested. Nicaragua has approved the CAFTA; however it has not been publicly accepted, as in Nicaragua, the CAFTA can be understood in the context of a US strategy to divide opposition in negotiations for other larger trade agreements. Instead of aiding US companies, the objective of the ALBA agreement is to promote cooperation and collective development of the region with an emphasis on fighting poverty and social exclusion. The general feel of the can be appreciated in Venezuelan president Hugo Chavezs opening remark at the United Nations: ALBA is not an agreement of the elite. ALBA is born from down below, from the grassroots of the population, without the people no union would be possible and that is one of the criticisms that we have always made of other integration efforts. The objective is not necessarily to maintain high economic statistics or attract investment, but rather to benefit our populations, so that they have health care, education, jobs, and so they can get out of poverty. Another factor about the ALBA and the CAFTA that must be kept in mind is the alignment is the political alignment that Nicaragua maintains of a socio-democratic regime that owes alliances to Venezuela and Cuba, as the Sandinista party owed much of their existence to Cuba during the Cold War. Due to these populist tendencies, it could be said that, the ALBA is the more appropriate treaty to sign. Socio-Economic Perspective of Globalization It is of public knowledge in Nicaragua that most of the populations regard Globalization as â€Å"not welcome†. The socio-economic perspective of Globalization can be seen from two lights the rural and the industrial perspectives. The rural perspective of globalization can be expressed as the lower classs point of view, while the industrial would affect the middle and upper classes. In short, both of these perspectives contain the entire range of the Nicaraguan society. The people that constitute the rural perspective, also known as the Nicaraguan Farmers, do not welcome globalization because of the economic impact that it will cause society. For most farmers in the outskirts of Managua and on the borders of the country, the prices set by the CAFTA are below the prices they have been used to deal with, meaning that there will be an economic impact for that sector of society. The rural branch of society represents about 70% of the Nicaraguan population, meaning that to off-set an economic pendulum from this side will affect the countrys economy greatly. The industrial perspective of the socio-economic side to globalism might actually benefit from the â€Å"no tariff† agreements as machinery and foreign goods might be less expensive to ship in, and national products will be easier to export. The industrial sector of Nicaragua can be said to constitute by 30% of the population, however, even though it is a minority in regards to the rural sector, the industrial sector represents about 50% of the Gross domestic Product in Nicaragua. The choice between which treaty to chose seems to be the more difficult question as the ALBA benefits the rural sector with its standard wages, while the CAFTA would cause a significant impact in the economy. The industrial sector on the other hand would benefit from both the CAFTA and the ALBA, as the free commerce agreement of â€Å"no tariffs† would mean that the import export of Nicaragua will of a wider range. The issue in mind however, remains on the ideological alignment concern. The rural sector of the Nicaraguan population belongs to a new mix of ideologies, a mix of neo-socialistic liberalism, where a sense of national pride and populism makes the number one goal to push on the Nicaraguan economy. The CAFTA is not appreciated in this perspective as it is seen as an agreement that binds Nicaragua to the will of the United States prices and tariffs, therefore permitting the Unites States to have a sort of control over the Nicaraguan Economy. Nicaragua has already felt the United States economical grasp in the 1970s during the Sandinista government, where the United States employed a boycott on Nicaragua. The sense of resentment has not left the Nicaraguan panorama yet, which means it might take a long time for the CAFTA to be approved by the population. The ALBA in the other hand, is more widely accepted as it involves direct proposals by Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez. In current times, Nicaragua has approved both the CAFTA and the ALBA, the differences, however, are only visible in regards to the material â€Å"gifts† provided by Hugo Chavez. On the Economical perspective, both the ALBA and the CAFTA have not made and impact. Both treaties have rendered the Nicaraguan economy with the same Gros Domestic Product than the year before their signing. Conclusion Nicaragua has been a signatory of the CAFTA for over 3 years now and has also been a signatory of the ALBA treaty for over 1 year now; however both these treaties have not saved Nicaragua from the enormous deficit that it faces. In conclusion, it can be said that Globalization will have an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy in the long-run; however, in regards to Globalism of the Socio-democratic sphere, the Latin American countries should remain united and try to roll back influences from the United States in order to be financially dependent on its own. Nicaragua needs to be financially independent, however, in its current economical state; it cannot stand on its own two feet, which means it should have the temporary support of a greater power. The choices are obviously dived between the CAFTA and the ALBA, which are obviously a reflection of the United States and Venezuela. In the wider-picture, the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA is the choice between Capitalist democracy and a socio-Populist democracy. The relationship between Nicaragua and the United States has not been as strong as the 1930s in the time of Anastasio Somoza Garcia. The constant intervention from the United States in Nicaragua has rendered a sense of mistrust. In actuality, the CAFTA seems like another brick to the wide and high wall that the United States has been building over Latin America, the first brick being the Monroe Doctrine, which guaranteed the United States right to intervene in any Central American nation if its freedom was being threatened. Even though Nicaragua is a signatory of both the ALBA and CAFTA treaties, so far the ALBA has aided the Nicaraguan economy more than the CAFTA, due to the multiple â€Å"gifts† given by Hugo Chavez to the Republic of Nicaragua, gifts such as Oil Plants. The bottom line, nevertheless, stays the same; Globalization will have an increasing effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Bibliography http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/CAFTA/CAFTADR_Final_Texts/Section_Index.html http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2360 Ministro de Estado de Venezuela para la Bancoex, Integracià ³n y Comercio Exterior http://www.globalization101.org/What_is_Globalization.html http://www.newdream.org/consumer/globalization.php http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html

Mendels Peas and Hawkweeds :: Heredity Genes Mendel Research Essays

Mendel's Peas and Hawkweeds Works Cited Missing Many Scientists have contributed to the field of genetics. Yet the groundwork for today's modern genetics can be found in the work done by one man, Gregor Mendel. While there were many scientists who tried to answer the same questions before him, none were able to come to the successful conclusions he did. Before Mendel's experiments, many other theories had been in place to answer the questions about why we look like our parents. Many of these beliefs were myths, and the true reasons behind heredity were not sought, because creation was the belief of the majority of people. Some of these beliefs include "'The preformation theory"' (Bowler, 2), in which it was believed that "the embryo grew from a perfectly formed miniature already present in the mother's womb ( or the father's sperm)." (Bowler, 2) Another theory was that of "'blending inheritance' in which the offspring's characters were always intermediate between those of its parents." (Bowler, 3) It was in the time of these theories that Mendel did his work, which was dismissed as stated in the story. Mendel was a monk who taught in the monastery, and he did his experiments in the garden outside the monastery while teaching as said in the book. His main focus was on the garden pea, Pisum sativum. One peculiarity of pea reproduction is that the petals of the flower close down Tightly, preventing pollen grains from entering or leaving. This enforces a system of self-fertilization, in which sperm and eggs from a particular flower Unite with each other to produce seeds. As a result, individual pee strains are Highly inbred, displaying little, if any genetic variation from one generation to The next. Because of this uniformity, we say that such strains are true-breeding. ( Snustad, 42) In his experiments, Mendel tested many different traits. Among them were the following traits and the frequencies each appeared in: Mendel was successful in his experiments, because he tested one trait at a time, as compared to other scientists who tried to follow multiple traits. This is what allowed him to be successful, although with what we know now, it is easier to follow many traits at a time. In his first set of experiments, he crossed tall varieties with dwarf varieties. To do this, He carefully removed the anthers from one variety before its pollen had matured and then applied pollen from the other variety to the stigma.

Essays --

Abortion itself is not an easy process to go through. Having a simple fetus removed medically might seem easy, but the woman herself might go through many difficult situations before, during, and after the process of abortion emotionally and physically. Making the right choice of having an abortion might be regretful to some woman and their family. The choices are either having the baby and later finding out they can’t take care of the baby or having an abortion and finding out later that you cannot have a child in the future. There can physical effects on woman that have abortion. Abortion can result in miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies, and a slight chance of breast cancer. Many miscarriages happen when an abortion is used on the previous pregnancy because it can be dangerous to the future reproductive systems of woman. After an abortion, there can be severe case where bleeding and infection can occur. A woman might have five times the chance of ectopic pregnancy because the woman who had their first pregnancy was terminated. An ectopic pregnancy happens when the embryo is implante...