Teen Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Teen Pregnancy EssayTeen becomehood is a health issue in New Zealand be subject it is a discipline which has significant public importance as a society we value a woman having children once they atomic number 18 educated and fanatically stable moreover teen pregnancy goes against the social value. New Zealand has one of the highest teen pregnancy places in the developed world almost 4000 babies born to teen pargonnts a year. Since 2000, fork overs 15-19 year olds shake off been trending upwards again with the stick out rate increasing between 2001 and 2008 from 27. 5 births per 1000 women in 2000 to 33 births per 1000 in 2008.The payoff of births to this be on group in 2008 was 5185, compared with 3787 in 2000. (1). The social constituents conti exactlye to teen pregnancy one of the reasons which highlight at risk jejuners it is widely acknowledge that children who were born to teenage parents are more likely to become teenage parents themselves(2). Since they woul d think that is right to digest pregnant at a young person age because their mother bring down pregnant when she was young they would just follow what they did as well they would think if their mother has done it then why cant they do it.This is a corky influence from their mothers and that is the one of the reasons why so many striplings are stickting pregnant more and more e real year and also knowting younger and younger to pose pregnant. In 2009, there were 4,670 births to women under 20 years in New Zealand. Approximately two thirds of these were to 18 and 19 year olds. there were an estimated 6,000 mothers antique 16-19 and most of these mothers (around 5,000) were aged 18 or 19. 3)This is basically a cycle of children who are born to teen parents are more likely to be teen parents. Peer persures is a nonher social factors that contri unlesse to teen pregnancy is the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging is soul to change his or attitudes, vaules, or be havior that relates to teen pregnancy. If one of your friends fell pregnant, and got popular you would automactily think that this is the right thing to do to get yourself popular, look calm and every one give talk to you.The girl may find a high school boyfriend and feel that he leave be the one she will always love and he is just interested in the sex and pressures her and there is always the partying that goes on with teenagers, and the intoxication can fake it easier to give into your urges. A lot of teenagers indulge in early sexual behavior due to peer pressure. Teenagers growing in largely promiscuous societies flow to date far earlier than others in slightly more conventional setups.This is due to the fact that they feel the great need to be hip and accepted by their circle of friends. The only way they could probably achieve that would be by having a boyfriend or girlfriend or at least(prenominal) by dating and indulging in sexual acts often. This kind of rash behavi or could overtake to unintended pregnancies. (4) They are all contributing teen pregnancy and it is also cycles that if one of your friends falls pregnant and you will just follow one and other.One of the major cultural factors that are contibuting to teen pregnancy in New Zealand is whether you identify as being Pakeha or Maori or Asian you still have high risk of teen pregnancy and parenthood but in New Zealand Maori people tend to have higher teen pregnancy rate compared to other entehics. Maori and Pacific Island teenagers have a higher fertility(completed pregnancy) rate than European, and their abortion rate is higher also. (2) In 2009, there were 4670 births to women aged under 20, 29 of these births were to women aged under 15 years old.Apporximately two thirds of teen births were to those aged 18 or 19 years old and half of the total number of teen births were to Maori women. (3) The Maori teen birth rate is 4 clock times higher than the non-Maori rate, and the Pacific t een birth rate is 1. 5 times higher than the total teen rate. (3) In developed countries and the European culture if a teenager gets pregnant it is seen as a drab thing so is interdict and frowned upon but in the Maori culture it is not a bad thing that girls get pregnant at a young age and it is normal and celebreated.In the latest censes (2006) 9. 3% of Maori teenage women were mothers compared to lower rates for Pacific (5. 4%), European (3. 2%) and Asian (1%). The reason causing Maori girls have higher teen pregnacy rate than other enthic group Tariana Turia stated in her speech at the versed and Health Conference, that We must celebrate that Whakapapa in every heartbeat, every birth and in the lives we lost. The value of whakapapa and whanau are very important to Maori and tamariki are very important for the Maori culture to continue and succeed.Tariana Turia coleader of the Maori party stated that When we look at the faces of our babies, we recognise the imprints of those b efore us (6)This shows that Maori culture encourage Maori women or Maori families wanting to get pregnant at a young age so that they can grow the next generation even faster and the families are encourage their daughters to get pregnant because the parents will look after and caring for he babies,supporting because the values of whakapapa nd whanau are very important to Maori and tamariki are very important for the Maori culture. The Maori culture, tradition, values and beliefs are contributing are causing high teen pregnancy rate in New Zealand.The factors of political can also influence young girls are getting pregnant more and more every year is the government laws and policies that influence young people views, attitudes and behaviours regarding alcohol but the major factor is their benefit support to the teen mothers. Benefit receipt amongst teen parents is high, with around 78 percent (mostly Mothers) receiving a benefit. At the end of December 2009 there were 4,169 teenagers (aged 16 to 19 years) receiving the Domestic Purposes Benefit (includes those receiving the Emergency Maintenance Allowance (EMA)). Of these, 52 per cent were Maori, 30 per cent were European, and 9 per cent were Pacific. (5). The statistics show the there are quite among of teenagers are getting benefit and more than half of them are Maori teenagers.The DPB is influencing teenagers are getting pregnant because they would think if they got pregnant they can just get benefit, live on with it and dont need to find a job or go to school and just staying at home doing aught wasting time. Most of the teenagers who are likely of being on benefit 10 years later by age at first birth rather than older age. In 2009, the numbers of new female entrants to the DPB-SP (Domestic Purposes Benefit-Sole Parent) or EMA (Emergency Maintenance Allowance) with a child aged less than one year were as follows 800 aged 16-17 1,900 aged 18-19.Most teen mothers (62 percent) first enter the DPB from another benefit (usually Sickness Benefit received in pregnancy). Their average length of time on the DPB in the ten years after entry is 7. 1 years, higher than the average of 5. 2 years for all women aged 16 64. forty percent of entrants have an additional newborn child included in DPB in the 10 years following entry. (5) The statistics has shown there are more teenagers are getting benefit than the older age people and theyre also carrying on their benefit for over 10 years.The government is giving too often support to the teenagers which contributes high teen pregnancy rate in NZ because in their view is so easy to just get benefit and to live on with their lives with their children by not earning their own money or educating but in fact it is not. Being a teen mother can affect her ain well-beings physically, mentally and spiritually in positive and negative.In physically teen mothers will get tired,put on weight get stretch marks, be in pain during the birth, take along time to re cover from the birth, have sore breasts, struggle to lose weight,be sleeo deprived etc, all those physical will affect her mentally welling as well and it is not good to their pregnancy and their phsyical body (7)and they are from many ways like when the teens get pregnant they become scared and panicked. muddled about making the right decision for herself and her child, the relationships between the childs father and fear about giving birth may all cause her an amount of stress.She may also be frustrated that she can no longer participate in activities with her friends and frightened that she will be a bad mother or that her parents will react badly (2) that all cause she worries and stress and she will be lonely and sad since everyone of her friends are still at school studying and partying but she just left behind and all those sort of emotions are not good to her pregnancy at all and will also effect her relationships with family since she might be grumpy.In spiritually she wil l question her actions and behaviors and ask herself why me since she got pregnant at a young age at first she could not believe herself got pregnant while other friends are still enjoying their teenage lives and why did she do it.She would believe that life is not fair for her why shes going through all this and her friends dont have to but she will be encouraged by the miracle life, she would be proud that she brought the baby into this world and she will also find faith from her family but while theyre all suffer all these implications that will lead them to grow up to be an adult and mature to look after their own babies. The negative and positive implications for interpersonal are the relationships between people directly affected by teenage pregnancy. The negative implication could be the judgments from her parents or family members. Some teenage parents are lucky enough to have the support of their family, but this isnt always the case. For some, judgment from their parents o r family members means that they go through this difficult time with little, if any, support. While older parents get to celebrate their pregnancy and the birth of a child, many teenage parents miss out on the celebration because they are busy dealing with it or making the most of their mistake (2).And that will affect her emotions because no one likes judgments from anyone and specially families and they ould really let her down and how feels about her family and the relationships between them. In the positive way the relationships between teen mother and her child will try to build a positive relationship. She will do her best for her child and provide a good environment also install her child strong beliefs and values that could prevent her child being a teen parent just like herself and that could bring that family together. Another negative implications are her relationships between her friends and partner.She might loss of social contact with peers. Your teenage years are a ti me of socializing and building friendships, but the function of parenting means many teenage parents lose all social contact with their peers. While friends may visit in the short term, the inability to just lose everything and go means that friendships change. Many teenage parents feel like they no longer fit in with their peers, but because of their age, they dont fit in with other parents either. Teenage parent schools or support groups are a great resource for teenage parents to meet people in a confusable situation. (2) The lack of support from their partner. Parents of all ages face the risk of an unsupportive partner, but for teenage parents the risk is even higher. Even if both the mother and father do take responsibility for the pregnancy, most of these relationships eventually end in separation. The reason of their relationships will end because mostly the childs father can not deal with all those money problems or having a child at a young age while he can still have fun so he might chose to leave the mother and the child so the its not good for a child growing up without his father.

Past and Present Chapter Essay Example for Free

Past and Present Chapter EssayOpportunity and self-made custody were the order of the day The founding fathers considered democracy to be direct rule of the people A concept they feared and rejected Jacksonians considered the representative of the people to be the voice of God Democracy and Society No one could expect social privilege because of family ties European visitors noted the lack of first class accommodations The word handmaid was disappearing in its place was help Domestic workers were not considered a social subclass Members of different earning groups dressed similarly Democracy expressed itself in medicine, honor and religionUnorthodox healers were given place alongside doctors Local bars allowed lower standards in some areas The clergy came under to a greater extent control of the laity The favourite press became increasingly important Written and read by common people Many small venues and a few influential papers with outsized readership Democratic Culture Dem ocratic expression in literature and art Popular taste v. elite or traditional culture Romanticism was refer to sentimentalism in popular literature Formulaic gothic novels sold well Possible because of increased literacy Also cheaper printing much novels written by women ecumenical white manhood suffrage was the rule by the 1820s Rise in elected v appointed officials Stump speaking and campaigning became the norm More festive and dramatic Martin Van Buren and others began to build statewide political organizations Idea of the loyal opposition developed Other political changes Two party governance enhanced Electors more often chosen by popular vote Voting percentages increased dramatically 182427% 182855% 184078% Why more interest? Panic of 1819concern about money issues Issues such as banks, tariffs, internal breakments Jacksonians were concerned about monied interestsOpponents were concerned about rabble rousers Should the federal official government become more active? Foste r economic growth? Destroy corporate privilege and monopoly? Support the rights of the working man? Abolish inheritance, improve public education? New York Working Mens Party thought so Also favored redistribution of assets Philadelphia was a center of labor bodily function General Trades Unions was formed Achieved a 10-hour workday Set an early precedent for mass action Abolitionists became more active Some also wanted equal rights for women These reformers saw little success.

Environmental Degradation Due To Tourism: A literature review

Environmental Degradation Due To touristry A literature reviewAntarctica is certainly most exclusive stray on earth. plenty collapse travellight-emitting diode and retaliateed almost all the parts of Antarctica for more than hundreds of categorys. The do here is whether the frequent visits of touring cars have draw into question the sustainability of touristry in this bea. Antarctica is being used by sundry(a) scientists to carry out research and experiments to de confinesine climate, weather, and oceanic features in the rest of the world. Even though the expenses to visit this place is very high, concourse dont mind this factor as it is a lifetime experience for them.The author argues that the increase in tourism in Antarctica has led to the increase in the risk to the marine environment, terrestrial ecosystems and overly has affected the subject field research programs. The species the like penguins have started migrating to otherwise locations from their usual sp ots because of the homophile race species. The main access for the phaetons to this place is with ships, which ar non properly equipped and some of which have led to accidents resulting in oil spills. The oil spillage has mystify m each species in the threat of being extinct.The problem is that how to make this tourism sustainable with reference to the ecological importance of the domain of a function. For this, the author puts forward few solutions, much(prenominal) as there should not be any restores or hotels constructing on the shores of this champaign, as it affects the species around. These hotels and resorts dump a lot of wastes into the sea which spoils the water too. The governance of Newzealand has make it compulsory for a government official to accompany the tourists ships to check whether they follow proper rules and regulations.As we know, it is difficult to keep an eye on the activities of tourists in these argonas, unless it is expected that a few more ste ps like above would make tourism sustainable in Antarctica.Article 2 Engagement with the clubby sphere of influence for sustainable tourism in the Great Barrier Reef ocean Park(Source Report for Global Ministerial Environment Forum Dubai, 7 -9 February 2006)The Great Barrier Reefs the worlds salientst coral reef system, composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands that stretch for 2,600 kilometres (1,616mi) and cover an area of approximately 344,400 km. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. (www.cia.gov.com)Great Barrier Reef Marine Park countenance (GBRMPA) looks after the proviso and management of the reef. The GBRMPA plays a critical role in strategically pursue the semiprivate empyrean in supporting research that protects and salves the Reef. The private sector in Australia has an important part to play, adding its resources and voice to the quest to protect and preserve the Great Barrier Reef.The author explains the purpose of this move was to establish a general framework for both the saving and the ecologically sustain-able destination of the Reef. To do this the Authority brought a wide range of stakebearers into the planning process tourism, fishing, preservation groups, Aboriginal interests, state and local anesthetic governments, etc. All participated in discussions of the Reefs future and how to ensure it via answerable management of the Reef. Through its growing project portfolio, the GBRMPA provides a way in for business and philanthropy to invest in the Reefs future. Working in partnership with business, government and philanthropy, a strategic, collaborative and coordinated approach to Reef research and increases the pool of funding available to investigate and address the threats to the Great Barrier Reef.The author explains how private sector jumping in the main interest of the firms to e arn from the park and the governments purpose of maintaining the park are both meet. The major burial vault is that there inescapably to be co-ordination between government, the private sector, local partnership and other stake holders to find a mutually beneficial outcome. whence the government needfully to predicate the major effects on the climate of the region. The government is participating in the training of the private sector employees so as to address the radical needs of the Reef including the safety of the marine life.Author argues that government go out have to plan a flexible planning and managing approach so that the private sector can undergo innovations and site-specific outcomes. The trade off that the reef will have from this move will be beneficial for the eco system and the tourists visiting the place as well. The government provides incentives for the private sector to their contribution to the reef. The funds available for the government to maintain the place and excessively to nurture effective tourism are particular(a) and therefore that is also 1 of the reasons why the government has moved into privatization. The government and the private sector are both striving forward to maintain the hereditary pattern of the site as they know the importance of the Reef very well.Article 3 Tourism in ontogeny countries, Journal of Vacation Marketing(Source Oppermann, M and Chon, KS (1999). Tourism in developing countries, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5, 3, pp. 301-302)Tourism is probably the only services sector that provides concrete trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of their train of tuition. In many another(prenominal) developing countries, tourism makes a great contribution to opposed earnings than such other major exports as textile and habilitate or agri destination, without encountering the same magnitude of trade barriers.(www.unctadxi.org) Certain countries also view small-scale niche tourism as having greater potential for increasing local multipliers by enhancing links with agriculture and other sectors. Moreover, small-scale niche tourism tends to reduce spatial inequalities through wider dispersal of enterprises. This should, in theory, stimulate tourist mobility and a more even scattering of tourism expenditure (Brohman, 1996).Finally, payable to its smaller scale, niche tourism is portrayed as a more environmentally and culturally sensitive strategy for rural development. Rapid tourism development and non-local investment tend to marginalise some segments of local communities by exacerbating the inequalities between the sad and those who have more capital. When the poor benefit from tourism, it is usually as street vendors or casual labourers (e.g., porters or low level assistants in hotels, lodges, and tour organisations).Challenges for developing countries-Lack of educationLack of marketable assetsLack of accommodation/facilitiesLack of financial capitalEven though ter rorist attacks and global warming are putting some people off from traveling, the global picture is clear people are traveling more and more every year. Tourism labor is cardinal of the fastest growing industries in the world. Governments of the developing countries involved in the tourism industry have realized the importance of the industry for social and economic development and for job creation. This approach has led to bigger investments in tourism infrastructure in developing countries and so does the sustainability of tourism industry. It is supposed that Asian countries will be the fastest growing tourism players. The emerging middle class and the higher disposable income are the key factors for the sustainability of Tourism Industry in developing countries. Tourism in developing countries not only provides material benefits for the poor, but can also bring cultural pride, a sense of ownership and control, reduced vulnerability through diversification and the development of skills and entrepreneurial capacity. The developing countries will thus be increasingly important and they will not only be a luring destination for foreigners but they will also become an important source market.Article 4 Environment justice and sustainable Tourism THE MISSING nuance LINK(Source Blanca Camargo, Katy Lane, and Tazim Jamal (2007), The George Wright Forum, Volume 24 Number 3)San Francisco Peaks in Arizona provides a birth place to many creation stories. Due to global warming resort management authentic a plan to convert the sewage water into snow. This is one of the examples where cultural justice is embedded into sustainable development. The mountains were now used as a financial gain rather than living place. Seeing this Ninth Circuit court gave the decision of save the peaks coalition. The basic aim of sustainability tourism is conservation of environment and socio-economic well being. thusly the study of cultural impacts is important so as to focus on vario us issues such as interpretation, cultural survival, heritage issue etc. The other important looking ats and contribution towards sustainability is the tangible (worship of fire, practices at burial sites etc) and intangible (mystical, identity, collective temporary etc) environment. It is a relationship between human and their biophysical world which help to give importance to cultural justice.Cultural sustainability can be said for the groups of people try to retain or adapt elements of culture which are distinguishing them from other people. Attention has been directed towards the sustainability of destinations and their sources. It grows to continue at the international levels which give rise to economic of the country. The World commission on Environment and discipline (WCED) distinguished between the public and private spaces in order for sustainable development. It not only meets the demands of present tourist but also enhances the protection of graphic resources. It also fulfils the economic, social, and aesthetic need which helps the supports system. Equity is another basic important aspect of sustainability. It starts with addressing people the issues of cultural justice and equity in natural areas destinations well-favored impact, crosswise different social groups within a destination area.Still, injustices are commonly seen as it affects community labour and natural habitats, which is the major element of society. It is a balance between environment and economic development. The environmental justice movement is mainly concern about environmental risks the low income of people which is the major issue of the society. It helps tourist to identify its destinations and monitoring potential environmental issues.It can act as a good reminder to people to maintain their environment and creating consciousness between people for social gatherings for maintenance of ecosystem. For example, the places which are open for tourist should be used for learn ing the purpose and to enjoy natural areas. While those residential places should be re stringented for tourists for performing their cultural activities taking place. In other words, the major aspect of cultural sustainability is to have proper management and planning facilities which will in decision making if various cultural goods. The cultural justice as described earlier may assist in creating various policies and laws by the government and development programs which will help to create awareness between people. It contributes further to an already complex domain.One of the major concerns that researchers have is that many propagation cultural sustainability is not been taken into account of Cultural and Social Issues as separate phenomena but rather they are treated as either of the two. Then cultural sustainability also takes a lot of time to frame itself and also that the indicators are intangible. Therefore the measurement of cultural factors proves to be a major hurdle i n cultural sustainability. Thus it is important for the people to understand that Land does not just represent a physical space, but it also represents various physical, symbolic, spiritual, and social identities of human cultures.Article 5 sustainable Tourism in Goa(A pictorial view of tourism)(Source Dr Nirmala De Abreu Conference on Tourism in India Challenges Ahead, 15-17 May 2008, IIMK)Goa is one of the most visited places in India with a large number of international and domestic tourists each year. Goa is renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture. It also has rich phytology and fauna, owing to its location on the occidental Ghats range, which is classified as a biodiversity hotspot. The state is although one of the smallest state in India but still holds one of the highest FDI authorized state in the country. The government of Goa has therefore declared Goa as a tourist hub. The place is also filled with rich heritage Portuguese culture w hich also includes old buildings, churches and even alcohol which is available very cheaply. The beautiful beaches of Goa are the main tourist attraction of the region and therefore there has been an change magnitude concern over the sustainability of tourism in Goa due to its small size and over crowdedness.Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland. Goa has two main tourist seasons i.e. winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate. In the summers (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays. Thus at any given time tourists are flooding Goa at all time of the year and is therefore appropriately associated as a Goa- a 356 day holiday. The main types of tourism are Beach tourism, Adventure tourism, Yoga tourism etc.Goa faces the issue of sustainability of tourism on the land of ecological and cultural sensitiv ity. One of the issue raised by the author is that the survival of Olive Ridley turtles which are famous in Goa. As tourism increases the turtles are finding it hard to search for places to hatch eggs as resorts or people have taken their nesting places. Due to a wide number of foreign tourists in the area it has become hard to maintain an balance between the local people and the international tourists. The local community is the major Stake holder in the sustainability of tourism in Goa as they have to play an important role for a successful and smooth running of tourism industry. Many cultural biases in the people have created conflict between the locals and the foreigners. Issues like the locals stare are foreigners on beaches or even charge them very high for any local product which they want to buy. Tourists also face a lot of harassment from local vendors as they force tourists to buy their products. Environmental issues faced by the people are depletion of water due to touris m and also pressure on land as there is limited availability of land in the region and the increasing tourist demand has forced resorts to locate themselves on prime tourist location. There is also an increased number of pollutants that are emitted in the atmosphere due to heavy traffic, plus there is increased concerns over noise pollution as well.A few recommendations have been suggested so as to provide a sustainable tourist environment in Goa. These include diversifying areas for tourists by not just concentrating on the beaches but also on other heritage landmarks and tourists spots across the state. To deal with the issue of local people guides and locals should be trained to hospitality management and also respect other cultures and go for them with an open mind. Also to curtail the issue of raising prices the government should set standard prices for products so as to reduce conflicts. Protection of foreign women has been a raging issue in Goa as there have been frequent i ssues of rape and molestation on women, this is also largely due to the availability of drugs in the market. Thus government should take essential steps to curtail drug circulation and also fix some comeback hours for hotel guests.Thus if appropriate steps are not taken to sustain the ever growing tourist industry in the tiny state it wont be that far when the same industry that has been a boon for the state turns out to be a night mare.Article 6 Ecological footprint analysis as a ray to respect tourismSustainability(Source Gssling, S., Borgstrm Hansson, C., Hrstmeierc, O, and Saggeld., S (2002). Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability, Ecological Economics, 43, 2-3, pp. 199-211)Sustainable tourism is the major issue for the countries who believe in environmental integrated tourism. The article depicts how Seychelles an environmentally rich island has been affected by the increased number of tourism on the basis of ecological footprint. Ecological footprint is a measure of the load imposed by a given population on nature. It represents the area of the Earths surface necessary to sustain levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by that population. Tourism for Seychelles is the second largest source of gaining foreign exchange. To study how sustainable is tourism in Seychelles ecological footprint was calculated on the basis of a few indicators i.e. arable land, pasture, forest, sea space, built-up land and fossil capability land. Arable land, pastures and forests are measured from the statistics which are obtained from the country whereas the other three indicators are stringent to determine as there are many external factors taken into context to determine the other three indicators. Fossil fuel consumption for example is not just determined by the islands alone consumption but also by the fact that the consumption of fuels by the incoming and outgoing flights from the region and that too for the sole purpose of t ourism.The results of the ecological footprint are quite stately when the country believes to achieve Environmental Impact Assessment as a key to increasing tourism. On the other hand Seychelles has protected a equalizer of its island as restricted area and has thus has shown that tourism development and ecosystem conservation are in balance. Seychelles has a large amount of foreign exchange generated due to tourism and which is utilized for the imports of various commodities which include oil, food supplies, wood etc. Now, considering the amount of land which is unexplored or unutilized it is been argued that this land could be used in order to obtain the above needed resources. Thus the country faces a trade-off between imports and land conservation. The amount of CO2 and other harmful emissions from aircraft has also gained wide speculation on the belief that Seychelles is sustainable to tourism. Energy saving devices and use of renewable energy has just marginally served the p urpose but the main purpose of sustaining tourism is limit the transport distances of aircraft, as a short distance in the locality might prove ecologically beneficial. The energy distribution or consumption in the island is also not viable as just a single resort in the vicinity of the island consumes much greater energy than the neighboring town.Ecological footprint analysis (EFA) although is a good way to asses tourism sustainability but it is quite difficult to obtain the EFA indicators as many times sufficient data is not available. For example the amount of CO2 or other emissions from the aircraft cannot be measured and as per how much harm it does to the island cannot be measured. Environmental humiliation similar to El Nino can be claimed to be due to some natural calamity but similar coral degradation surrounding the island cannot be overlooked. Unsustainable management of the biosphere, for example clear-cutting a rainforest for agriculture would seem to increase the ecol ogical efficiency because the yield factor of cropland is higher than that of forestry. So thus if a few limitations are overlooked then EFA indicators are the best way for Seychelles to achieve sustainability in tourism.Article 7 SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR MANAGING TOURISM(Source HwanSuk, Choia, and Sirakayab, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism, Tourism Management, 27, 6, December, pp. 1274-1289)In this globalised world of capitalism, transportation has played a major role which helps to develop tourism into the worlds largest industries. This tourism has brought a tremendous contribution to the political economy of the world. Although it has brought prosperity to the society still it has negative social and cultural impacts and environmental degradation in society. It has damaged all the natural resources and socio-cultural environment of many tourist places. Taking all aspects into considerations World Commission on environment and development (WCED) formed various organisations that will take care of the ecosystem. Basically, it needs tourism planning, management, and development option. This will result in sustainable development to the tradition of neo- classical model. Many individual countries have defined their own national policies and strategys for the development of sustainability.The basic aim of the committee should fulfil the local economic benefits and protect the natural resources. Sustainable tourism has also given rise to the third dimension aspect of literature which includes social, cultural, and ecological dimensions. They also thought of political, and technological. This gave an impact on tourism which led it to the progress for forming a frame work.William Ogburn was the first one to use the term social indicators, which forms a component in sustainable development. The objective indicators act as a central part of monitoring everything. They form the major tool for income, employment, and attract vi sitors. The efforts were not only seen in micro level but went up to macro level taking all aspects into consideration. It included various methodologies like the survey instrument, data collection/ findings, discussion and conclusion. These four components are the key conditions for sustainable tourism development. These indicators help the local to understand the condition of resources to have a helping hand for the development of the ecosystem. These should be planned and govern by the stakeholders. For maximising the sustainable tourism development residents should have various communication conduct which are interlinked with each other to have a better co- ordination between various stakeholders.For example, the sustainability goal of a small region with a large population would differ from that of large communities with a small population. Thus the indicators should satisfy and precept the role of sustainable tourism development, in order to extend the stream situation. Thoug h they have different approaches still they have one role in common that is achieving sustainability. In short, the approach towards sustainable tourism development should forever and a day be ecological and should be responsible for all social, political, economical, technological aspects.Article 8 TOURISM AS A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN growth THE NEPALESE HIMALAYAS IN RETROSPECT(Source S.K. Nepal (2002), Unasylva 208, Vol. 53)Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Mountainous tourism plays an important aspect in economic development and environmental conservation. hector Ceballos-Lascurian has termed this word ecotourism. It can also be defined as Travelling which does not disturb the surrounding and maintains the existing culture (Ceballos-Lascurain,1987). It can also be defined as the last hope preservation and protection of various species and ecosystem (Smeral, 1996). And tourism particularly in Nepal where mountains contribute about 80% of the land potent iometer and 20-30% of total volume of tourism which forms homes of various biological and cultural diversity acts as an incoming source to many people which form the major aspects of the Nepalese Himalayas.Most of the peaks in the Himalayas are promoted as an adventure spot rather than studying point. However such tourism gave rise to both negative and positively charged points.Several exposures to tourism brought disruption of local culture, traditions etc. Thus it is necessary for the mountain tourism to be based on sustainability which includes many aspects such as sound environmental practices, equality and long term benefits. Basically, sustainability encompasses ecological, economical and social components, giving rise to major three components of mountain tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas those are as followsConservation of natural resourcesImprovement of quality of life of local populationEnhancement of visitors satisfaction.Nepal mainly compromises of three major regions t he Annapurna, Everest and the Lang tang regions, where Annapurna -conservation area and Everest and Lang tang- national parks. Basically, all these areas were more exploded by foreign mountaineering which has made them more popular and famous. Thomas Cook offered the first tour of Nepal for the Western visitors, which led to prosperity and popularity to intermediate level. This popularity brought both positive and negative points within itself, by changing Nepal from an exotic destination to that of a cheap rugged and plaguey destination. Due to lack of regulation and improper management the beauty of Himalayas was leading nothing but landscape degradation. Many things like food waste, pollution, extraction of natural resources came with it in such a way that it lead to destructions of things. Trekking traffic puts great pressure on mountain traits which were more seen in higher altitudes and where the vegetation was poor. Accumulation of garbage by the trekkers formed the major i ssue of mountains. Thus the sustainability of tourism industry in Nepal came under sever scrutiny.In 1991 Sagarmath pollution control committee (SPCC) was found to solve these problems. It has collected up to 250 tones of garbage per year. Despite all these problems the Nepalese Himalayas has been a boon to the local economy. It has under wined the difference between the poorer and the rich. New habitats were developed by people giving a new way towards society. It increased the awareness of the effects of tourism and therefore started planning various conservation programs. People are trying to manage their resources sustainably by the means of energy conservation. The government undertook programs where locals and visiting tourists took an active initiation.Without these programs initiated by the government the sustainability of tourism was under threat. Such reforms by the government are not only seen in Nepalese Himalayas but throughout the world. Thus mountain tourism in the N epalese Himalayas represents the dilemma of conservation and development being debated the context of suitability development. Thus if the mystical, spiritual and wilderness image of the Nepalese Himalayas is to be restored and capitalised on, then there must be concrete efforts towards tourism development that is sustainable in ecological, economic and social terms.Article 9 Sustainable tourism in Maldives(source Journal by Ron Gluckman in Maldives)The Maldives have got a nickname known as Paradise. This place is being well equipped by natural beauties which make the place equal to the word paradise. but even Maldives is facing issues related to sustainable tourism. The Maldives 70 percent of the GDP comes from their tourism in their country which makes the government regulate many policies to make the tourism in a sustainable way. Now it been seen that the government is not successes by 100 percent.The problems which the Maldives face due to the tourism are global warming and the wastes attached of by the resorts. A one-meter rise in the sea level can swamp 80 percent of the Maldives. The no of tourists to this spot is being increasing year by year, but the resorts available to accommodate them are very less when compared. And the existing resorts are creating problems with their waste disposal.Summary of Key FindingsSustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture while helping to generate income and employment for local people (Coccossis, 1996). The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development is a positive experience for local people tourism companies and tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism can be taken in four different interpretations that include economic sustainability of tourism, the ecologically sustainable tourism, sustainable tourism development with both focus of environment as well as long-term feasibility of the industry and finally tourism as a part of a strategy for su stainable development (Farsari, 2000). In all the articles that have been critically analysed above all the issues regarding the sustainability of tourism is mentioned.Government as a Stakeholder-Tourism is one of the many external forces influencing the direction and options for national development. The question of whether tourism can be sustainable that is, whether it can contribute to local sustainable development is rightfully addressed in the context of the social function of Government bodies. A truly practical discussion on sustainable tourism must take place within the government authorities and the communities that are being influenced by tourist industry development. It must create accountability of the tourism industry to locally-defined development visions. Like for example the government of Goa has now put in strict regulation on building of Resorts on beaches as it results in the degradation of precious species. Training local people or industries is also one of the important duties governments should play in order to achieve sustainable development of tourism and therefore in the barrier reef the Private sector industries will initially be directed by the government as per the working of the Great Barrier Reef and only then will it be handed out to them.The articles reviewed shows that profits may be increased simply by adopting some general environmental principles, such as recycling waste, planning for long-term sustainability, and seeking local partnerships for the preservation of a reef. If these actions result in cleaner, less crowded, holiday resorts, then they are in effect sustainable tourism without being labelled so. Strict norms and rules should be setup by the government so as to see through efficiency in the tourism industry. short government focus is no good for the countries as that would lead to short term gains and long term losses. In Nepal, the government is not imposing strict regulations on the garbage dumping carried out by the tourists at high altitudes.Environmental Degradation due to Tourism-Like other economic activities, tourism consumes resources. Today, tourism is one of the major economic activities in the world. The environmental effects, widely defined, include cultural and social elements and are probably the biggest problem of tourism. Areas, where overcrowding and overdevelopment occur, are much relatively small and possess fragile environments. At peak season visitors can outnumber the resident population. Environmental impact of tourism is most megascopic in tourist destinations, but effects are also visible at points of origin and transit (McKercher B, 1993).For example, the output of aircraft, ferries, buses, cars equipment and promotional material consumes productive and energy resources and generates waste in origin areas while travelling long distances creates pollution in the atmosphere and adversely effects th

Byzantine times: The effect on women

tortuous meters The effect on womenAn average cleaning woman in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Byzantine Empire did non have a big role in public society.1In fact, it was common for her to non be seen in public at all. It was standard for Byzantine women to get married around twelve to thirteen years old due to an arranged pairing chosen by her p bents. Once married she spent nigh of her fourth dimension at home. Occasionally a woman was allowed to leave her home to attend to church, festivals, marriages, births, avenge relations, or go to public baths. These were the only activities in society acceptable where a woman could to leave her house.2How of all time, if a woman must(prenominal) venture outside, she must have her face covered by a veil at all times and be accompanied by a man. though veils were r arly sh suffer in Byzantine prowess, this was a social standard for women. The wearing of veils often represented the difference between an honest women and a pro stitute.3Even in her own home, a Byzantine woman had to endure gender inequalities. During meals she was not allowed to dine with men fo predominate of her relations. More often than not, she would be eating alone enjoin from men.4For her education, she was taught skills only useful for a house wife. If a woman was in middle to upper class, she was usually taught to read, write, and sing.5Women of royalty however, were given the opportunity to study euphony and natural sciences with scholars in their courts.6Nevertheless education was usually back up quality compared to the education given to men. Women could easily be described as cloistered as pri paroleers, though her prison walls were only the invisible judgments and rules cast by society.7Most women could not participate in politics. A woman could not eventide tell in court for fear that her testimonial would be easily influenced by her husband or br opposite. It is only in rare cases where a man was not involved that a wo man could testify.8Despite what little influence and respect women had in public society, through home life a woman could inactive easily influence her own husband, sons, brothers, and other male relations in her home life.9This influence could be subtle in a small Byzantine family or extremely considerable if she was the wife of the emperor. Unlike men who could rise up to a political position through military, or the church, for a women to accomplish political power she had either be born or marry into aristocracy.Born in 399 A.D, Empress Pulcheria was the eldest daughter of Emperor Arcadius.10She was a devoted Christian that paved her way into power through her influence over her younger brother Theodosios II. She eventually received the title of Augusta (Empress) which was the highest position a woman of relation to the Emperor could aspire to.11Pulcheria was just two years older than Theodosios II but had a great influence over him all his life. Though Pulcheria was the eldes t born into royalty, she did not have much power as she would if she had been born male. Even with this gender disadvantage, she was extremely intelligent. At the age of 16, she swore a cursing of chastity and in all case influenced her younger sisters to do the corresponding.12This was a way to sustain power that would be lost if she was forced into marriage as well as stop the competition to her brothers throne.13The reasoning she gave for her actions was due to her Christian fate, comparing the consummate(a) bloody shame as her heavenly counterpart.14Figure 1 depicts an ivory hiatus cognize as The Translation of Relics Ivory dating around the year 420 A.D.15and was acquired by the Trier Cathedral in 1844.16The carving measure 13.1 x 26.1 x 2.3 cm and has been cut to a depth of 2 cm17. The Byzantines loved ivory and usually imported it from India and Africa. The ivory of this specific piece has been speculated to have been imported from Africa do to its larger size.18The Tr anslation of Relics Ivory depicts a progress of large number in the streets followed by two priests riding a chariot pulled by mules. Leading this procession is an Emperor holding a candle and ready to receive the relics is an Empress holding a cross in front of church doors. In the background are onlookers cheering waving incense and a church which is still under construction, still creation complete for the relics to be place into. For many years, the protagonists in this assuagement have been unidentifiable. Historians have compared the lives of Justin II, Maurice, and Phocas and their wives but found no historical evidence which relates them to this scene.19In the late 70s, The Translation of Relics Ivory has been identified by historians, Kenneth G. Holum and Gary Vikan that the characters in this relief are likely Empress Pulcheria, her brother Emperor Theodosios II and the relics given are the bones of Saint Stephen. The historians deducted this from written evidence of a chronicler of the ninth century named Theophanes Confessor. In his narrative he wroteUnder the influence of the blessed Pulcheria, the pious Theodosius sent a rich donation to the archbishop of Jerusalem for distribution to the needy, and also a golden cross studded with precious stones to be erected on Golgotha. In exchange for these gifts, the archbishop dispatched relics of the right arm of Stephen Protomaryr, in the care of St. Passarion Pulcheria arose taking her brother with her and went to greet the consecrate relics. Receiving them into the palace, she founded a splendid chapel for the holy Protomartr, and in it she poseed the holy relics.20The narrative matched perfectly with the description of The Translation of Relics Ivory as well as other found narrative which proved that the bones of Saint Stephen had in fact appeared outside Jerusalem that time in December 416 and later went under contain of the bishop.21The church under construction is believed to be a church o f St. Stephen.22An interesting detail to The Translation of Relics Ivory is the composition of the piece. The entire focus of the image is on Pulcheria rather than the Emperor Theodosios II, her brother. Even Theodosios relief is still a bit further back than hers, as he is standing right side by side(p) to her. This is a great representation of Pulcherias power as she is the center of attention opposed to the Emperor himself.In her lifetime, Pulcheria had commissioned several young churches, most dedicated to her jockstrap saint the Virgin Mary. It was well known that Virgin Mary deeply impacted her life to staying openly celibate for God. However during the fifth century the Virgin Mary was not a major figure in Constantinople.23Her choice for the Virgin Mary as her patron was not to advance women but only when get rid of the stigma that women were the curse of eve, a curse which claimed that women where responsible for original sin.24It was also due to Pulcherias influence th at the Virgin Mary would be once to a greater extent be known not just as the Mother of Christ (christotokos) but the Mother of God ( theotokos) when the statement was overturned.25Pulcherias most well-know church to the Virgin Mary is the church of Saint Mary of Blacherne , which has also been depicted in literature with names such as the Panagia of Blachernae and the Blachernae Monastery. The church started construction in 450 A.D. and was finished by her husband Marcian after Pulcherias death in 453 A.D.26The church was built around a pre-existing sacred spring called the Ayazma of Blacherne.27It is also verbalise that Christians of Jerusalem had contributed a robe that belonged to the Virgin Mary as a relic for the church,28though other sources state that the robe was stolen.29Figure 2 shows the church before its second fire, and Figure 3 shows the current modern church after being rebuilt. The church focused around images of the Virgin Mary, which led to much destruction of i ts icons during the reign of Constantine V.30The church first burn down in 1070 from a fire but was rebuilt again using its old floor plans.31The church was completely burnt down yet again in 1434, this time from a careless fire caused by children chasing pigeons on its roofs.32By the time Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae no longer existed and the people of Constantinople had to turn to assorted mediums for the cling toion Virgin Marys icons.33Figure 3 shows Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa. In 626 A.D., the Blachernitissa was credited for the protecting the city from an Avar attack as well as an Arab siege in 717. Thus this relics re dedicateation grew to be known as a powerful Byzantine talisman of protection and was kept in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae.34Though the figure head of this icon was a woman, it had huge veneration. The term Blachernitissa was a type of representation of the Virgin Mary named after th e Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae.35The icon shows Mary indoors it and was held in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae. The piece was also within the church during its 1434 fire and was thought to be destroyed. It was a talisman that represented the protection of the citys walls.36Its absence was believed to be the reason why the Ottoman Turks succeeded their invasion only 19 years later.The year 730 was the start of the first iconoclastic period lasing until 787.37It started with Emperor Leo III, who reigned from 717-740. The Iconoclasts believed that icons where offense and led to the misinterpretation of the Catholic religion. As the Iconoclasts resorted back into symbols and scripture, they tore down icons, thinking them as heresy to their religion. When Leo III died in 740, his son Constantine V continued the ban of during his reign in 741-775.38It was during Constantine Vs reign, that the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae was attacked by iconoclasts. Constantine V order ed the destruction of the interior mosaics that represented a New testament cycle and replaced them with vegetal ornaments and pictures of birds.39It was fortunate however that the Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa was hidden from destruction at this time.This first Iconoclastic period was stopped by Empress Irene. Irene acted in the name of her son Constatine VI, who was too young to rule at the time. She created and ordered the Second Council of Nicea, which supported Iconophiles.40As Iconophiles, they believed that images were also representing their religion and they were not wrong in using them. The Council condemned the opposition to icons as heresy. It is through Irenes actions of the revival of icons that she earned the title of Saint in the Greek Orthodox Church.The second iconoclastic period lasted 814-842. This time it was Emperor Leo V (reigning from 813-820) who instated this new wave of iconoclasm. It was speculated that it was to cure the recent military failure. Emp erors Michael II and Theophilus who succeeded him were also iconoclasts. However after Theophilus died, he was succeeded by his son Michael III. Michael at the time was too young to reign so his mother Theodora acted as a regent for him. Similar to Irene, Theodora was an iconodule and was able to proclaim the restoration of icons. at one time ever since the revival of icons, the first Sunday of Lent is celebrated as the Triumph of Orthodoxy. Figure 4 shows the Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy, a painting that was particolored on a wooden panel covered with gesso and linen. Its medium was egg tempera and gold leaf.41The center of the painting is a portrait of the Virgin Mary, said to be painted by St. Luke. Empress Theodora and her son, Emperor Michael III, appear on the left of the portrait. On the right are three monks with the Patriarch Methodios. This painting was painted more than 500 years after the end of iconoclasm during the time when the Byzantine Empire was under threat of invasion by the Ottoman Turks.42Again as it is not usually common for a woman to be in the painting, Empress Theodora is shown next to her son in royal robes. Though she is not next to them, Theodora is shown at the same level as the bishops. In the center of the painting is the Blachernitissa, the Virgin Mary and child. The Virgin Mary was a celebrated icon of her woman status. It is not strike that Irene and Theodora were iconophiles. Since the average Byzantine woman was housebound for the majority of their lives, most had a special dedication to religious practices involving icons.43It might be due to their life mood that women where the most affected when their precious icons where taken away.The influence women had and their relations to art during the Byzantine Empire shown to be very important. It is through the influence of the empresses Pulcheria, Irene and Theodora that impacted artwork despite a judgmental and men-driven environment that shadowed their lives. It is as fascinating and influential as the works themselves that these women were able to influence the Byzantine public and the artwork.Is Bitcoin the beat out Cryptocurrency?Is Bitcoin the Best Cryptocurrency?Is Bitcoin the most practical have of cybercurrency?In 2009, the instauration was forever changed when an anonymous individual that goes by the name of Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the world to a new form of currency the bitcoin. A bitcoin is a form of cybercurrency that cannot be traced to the person that purchases them. Through the introduction of the bitcoin, several other companies have released their form of cybercurrency. These newer currencies range from the Litecoin to the Dogecoin. period bitcoin has been the presence of the cyber-coin movement, there are several other notable and more good altcoins as they are referred to the ever popular Dogecoin for the online memer union, the Litecoin, a more in effect(p) indication of the Bitcoin, the Ripple, the diethyl et hereum cryptocurrency, and Dash are all widely accepted cryptocurrencies that are taking the world by storm. The Bitcoin was one of the first forms of cryptocurrency that gained notoriety. Bitcoins are not a form of tangible currency they are not connected to banks in any way, shape or form. There are no transaction fees and no way that a Bitcoin can be traced back to someone that purchases them. Merchants are beginning to accept bitcoins as a new method of payment, ranging from food, trips to the hair salon, and even illegal products on the internetTo acquire a bitcoin, people purchase them on a multitude of cryptocurrency exchange market websites. Transfers are relatively wide People can easily transfer their bitcoins among each other by using mobile apps or their computers. People are also capable of tap for bitcoins, where individuals solve complex math problems, which is how Bitcoins are made.However, Bitcoins are kind of shady If an everyday person was to invest in purchasin g some Bitcoins, the only liaison that protects their cryptocurrency is a Blockchain that you need to enable. This means that virtually anyone that has hacking experience can take that persons Bitcoins if they do not take the necessary steps to protect them. Granted, the anonymity of Bitcoin transactions and purchases make it somewhat secure, but anyone that solves the complex mathematical equations is probably able to hack into an unsuspecting persons account.1The Bitcoin is one, if not the most popular form of cryptocurrency. However, there are a vast majority of other altcoins that seem to be up-and-coming. Someday, these altcoins may end up surpassing the Bitcoin in terms of use. angiotensin-converting enzyme of these cryptocurrencies is known as the Dogecoin.The Dogecoin is a growing altcoin in todays era of cryptocurrencies. The Dogecoin is a peer-to-peer digital currency, favored by Shiba Inus global. It works very similarly to the Bitcoin however, it has the Doge internet meme as the face of the currency. This altcoin caters to the meming community of the internet, which is how it advertises to its patrons. To sell their altcoins, they advertise that people that use this form of currency are in a tight-knit community, which has a Reddit sub-thread they also explain that it is seamless to set up an account to transfer and store Dogecoins. The creators of Dogecoin also create a photo that explains the origin of this meme-ridden cryptocurrency in a ninety second video, which was unbelievably hard to stomach, for a multitude of reasons (I will be sure to provide the link for you somewhere viewer discretion is advised).This altcoin is for the people of the internet that everyone collectively hates on. However, the currency is efficient, fun, and very similar to the Bitcoin. Although they have a section on their website dedicated to teaching patrons rough the origin of doge, it is an ingenious selling point, as most memers just want to belong to someth ing other than Reddit (Can you blame them? That community sucks).The Litecoin is other popular form of cryptocurrency. Introduced in 2011 by Charles Lee, it is very similar to the Bitcoin however, it is more practical in terms of pledge, and speed of transaction. The community of Litecoin also makes a point to stay united the Litecoin community has also created forums, subreddits, and other networks. Litecoin also has a tab on their website dedicated for resources to the community. The resources tab was intended to allow their community to better understand the Litecoin and other cryptocurrencies and how they compare. Litecoin also utilizes a better form of Blockchain, a service which is considered to be the greatest software platform for digital assets. Wallet encryption is also a blow included in the Litecoin cryptocurrency Litecoin requires that you provide a give-and-take for every transaction you encounter when utilizing the Litecoin. The password feature is useful, as it p revents theft from hacker or people that utilize bots to do their dirty work and also makes sure that you are positive that you need to spend your Litecoins. With any cryptocurrency, users are also allowed to mine for Litecoins, as long as they basically know rocket science. While the Litecoin is still up-and-coming, it seems to be quite secure. As of right now, it is the silver to Bitcoins gold.2 However, with more time and donations, the Litecoin could manage to surpass the success of the Bitcoin. It provides people with a significantly larger amount of coins in the economy, however, this could pose threats for inflation While this may pose a threat in the long tally, the use of Litecoins seems to be practical. Overall, Litecoin is a practical and cheaper alternative to invest in, because it is cheaper to purchase and it is safer to utilize due to the use of mandatory passwords.One of the more unique forms of cybercurrency is the ripple. It is a form of cryptocurrency that works to connect of the economies together. The ripple works in tandem with banks. The reason the ripple works with banks is to commute how money is sent across the world, which they feel is a vital step in the advancement of economics, both international and nationally. Their company vision is to enable the network or Value to move value as fast as culture travels across the internet.Traditionally, two banks would use a third bank as a middle-man to send money to each other. B including the ripple solution to this equation the third bank is eliminated from the process, resulting in a much more efficient system for transactions from bank to bank. The ripple solution also works to convey useful information and messages to both banks. The ILP ledger that the ripple service is run through, works to coordinate fund movements between institutions to settle the payment3.Overall, the ripple system seems to be a practical form of cryptocurrency for everyday use. While it is not ideal for the p esky dark web users that require anonymous currency, it is a much simpler way for foreign transactions to occur, or even people that do not use the same bank to make a transaction. This is also the optimal form of cryptocurrency when dealing with foreign affairs because it is incredible secure there is complete transaction privacy for each financial institution involved. Most banks do not operate on the same network, especially those in different countries. With the Ripple solution, banks on separate networks can transact directly. There is also an ability to connect traditional and emerging financial networks together, which is immensely useful in the modernizing and integrating of international economics.Another notable form of cryptocurrency is Ethereum. Ethereum was developed in Toronto, Canada by a nineteen-year-old programmer. Vitalik Buterin created Ethereum in 2011, after learning more about Bitcoins and other forms of cryptocurrency. He also created Bitcoin Magazine, an onl ine news website about the cryptocurrency world.4Ethereum is one of the newer forms of cryptocurrencies on the market. The Ethereum mental institution has a similar view as the Ripple Foundation. While bitcoin aims to disrupt PayPal and online banking, Ethereum has the determination of using a blockchain to replace internet third parties those that store data, transfer mortgages and keep track of complex financial instruments5. In short, the Ethereum Foundations long-term goal is to be a sort of world computer. Although the apps appear to be possible, its unclear which blockchain applications will actually prove useful, secure, or scalable, and if they will ever be as convenient to use as the apps we use today 6The Ethereum Foundation uses a form of currency known as the ether. Ether are unique pieces of code that allow updates to the blockchains ledger.7 The process behind catching and holding ether is similar to most forms of cryptocurrencies. First, there are varying levels of security and risks that you can take in the method of storage for ether. The first method is a desktop wallet to storeether. This form of storage requires the user to transfer a sort of blockchain,known as the Ethereum client-a copy of the entire Ethereum blockchain. Thedesktop wallet will also need to stay updated with transaction records.8The next type of storage is possible through a mobile device, typically a cellphone. The app that caters to the light users of Ethereum is incrediblyconvenient but equally as risky light users rely on miners and other peopleinvolved in The Ethereum Foundation to verify transactions and secure theirether. If the light users lose their cloistered keys, they will not be able tocontact anyone to be able to access their ether, meaning they will ultimatelylose all of the money they put into their account.9The next form of storage is through hardware. These secure devices that canoften be detached from the internet, and can sign transactions withou t beingonline, meaning that although it is incredibly secure, this method can beincredibly irritating to deal with if the user is constantly out and about. Thelast form of storage a patron of the Ethereum Foundation can partake in ispaper currency. In this method, the user carefully writes the private key andcan securely store it in a deposit box or something similar.10While this is the most efficient way to utilize ether, it is also the mostdifficult method to secure and maintain. But how can users obtain ether? Ether can be purchased in person or on the internet from miners, or other users that desire to have their countrys recognized form of currency, or even other types of cryptocurrency. Unfortunately, if users are looking to purchase ether in person, it should be in a highly-populated area, such as New York City or Toronto in order to find someone that also uses ether in less populated areas, this is not necessarily an option.While Ethereum is a growing form of cryptocurrency. However, it is not considered to be one of the most secure or efficient. While it could develop to be something incredible, as of right now, the cryptocurrency advocates of the world deem it to be a little over-zealous. Ethereum is definitely on the right track to becoming one of the best forms of cryptocurrencies, but it has a lot of inhabit for improvement. As of right now, J.P. Morgan Chase, Microsoft and Intel have all allied in order to make Ethereums goal easiera world computer.Dash is another one of the most popular forms of cryptocurrency. Its name conveniently combines the word digital and cash together (which is super nifty right? Names are forever so original when their used in business or history.). It was designed for the honest, hardworking nerds out there. These miners that participate in the mining of this cryptocurrency mine for their fair trade of Dash coins. However, unique to the Dash coin system, you need special hardware and computers to mine for the coins. 11 Another useful aspect of the Dash coin is that the transactions are allegedly instantaneous. This caters to people that value time. According to Dash coin, Bitcoin takes roughly an hour for the transaction to process.Whilethe Bitcoin is the most popular form of cryptocurrency, it is not the mostefficient or practical form of currency in a generalized sense. It is usefulfor a multitude of reasons anonymity, for the people that are ashamed withtheir addiction to My pocket-size Pony collectables, people that are too afraid tomeet their drug dealers face-to-face, or those undercover cannibals that sodesperately want to try a new body part (Eww. Still cant wrap my head aroundthis one). However, funds of the patrons that utilize the Bitcoin as theirgo-to form of cryptocurrency run the risk of it being stolen by hackers. Dogecoinis a light and comical approach for the cryptocurrencies that are becoming awidely popular global phenomenon. While at first it was a joke among the Redditcomm unity, it grew into an ever-popular alternative cryptocurrency to theBitcoin. While it may not be the most practical form of cryptocurrency. It is avery useful alternative on the steady rise. In time, it may even be able topass the most popular cointhe Bitcoin.TheRipple Foundation really outdid themselves with their form of cryptocurrency.It is one of the most optimal forms of cryptocurrencies in order to simplifythe way people bank with each other. By making Ripple the middleman between thebanks, it creates communication and eliminates any ways that banks thattransfer money between two banks would eliminate misconceptions or errors.Ethereumis the next most efficient cryptocurrency, although highly unlikely to fully beachieved within the next couple years. While several notable companies haveallied with the Ethereum in an effort to expand their company, they have a longway to go in order to achieve their goals to create a world computer.However, the most efficient form of cryptocur rency seems to be the Litecoin. While it is not worth as much as the Bitcoin, it uses faster transaction times. The Litecoin also has a very friendly website. That instantly allows you to access their forums and helpful videos to better understand their cryptocurrency and other forms of cryptocurrencies, as well. It is also very secure, while still being efficient. There are a multitude of ways to secure your currency, one of them being the useful password feature. Where Bitcoin makes it optional to secure your account, Litecoin makes it mandatory. Bibliographyn.d. Bitcoin. Accessed whitethorn12, 2017. https//bitcoin.org/en/.n.d. Blockchain. Accessed May 12,2017. https//www.blockchain.com/.n.d. Comparing Bitcoin to Litecoin.Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/comparing-litecoin-bitcoin/.corporation, dogecoin. n.d. Dogecoin.Accessed May 12, 2017. http//dogecoin.com/.Foundation, Ripple. n.d. Ripple.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//ripple.com/.Hertig, Alyssa. n.d. How to useEthereum. Accessed May 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/how-to-use-ethereum/.. n.d. What is Ethereum. AccessedMay 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-ethereum/.. n.d. Who Created Ethereum.Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/who-created-ethereum/.n.d. How Ethereum Works. AccessedMay 12, 2017. https//www.ethereum.org/.Networks, The Dash. n.d. Dash.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//www.dash.org.Tal Yellin, Dominic Aratari, JosePagliery / CNNMoney. n.d. What is Bitcoin? Accessed May 12, 2017.http//money.cnn.com/infographic/technology/what-is-bitcoin/.2017. What is a Bitcoin? May 12.http//www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-bitcoin/.n.d. What is the Best Cryptocurrencyto Invest in Long Term and why? Accessed May 12, 2017.https//www.quora.com/Whats-the-best-Cryptocurrency-to-invest-in-long-term-Why.n.d. What is the Litecoin?Accessed May 12, 2017. https//litecoin.org/.1 n.d. Bitcoin. Accessed May 12, 2017. https//bitcoin.org/en/.2 n.d. Comparing Bitcoin toLitecoin. Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/comparing-litecoin-bitcoin/.3 Foundation, Ripple. n.d. Ripple.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//ripple.com/.4 . n.d. Who Created Ethereum.Accessed May 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/who-created-ethereum/.5 . n.d. What is Ethereum.Accessed May 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-ethereum/.6 n.d. How Ethereum Works.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//www.ethereum.org/.7 ibid8 ibid9 Hertig, Alyssa. n.d. How to useEthereum. Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/how-to-use-ethereum/.10 ibid11 Networks, The Dash. n.d. Dash.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//www.dash.org.

Effective Language Learning Strategies From Cambodian Teachers

Effective Language Learning Strategies From Kampuchean TeachersAfter the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) era, Cambodia has been struggling to participate in the international community where English is utilize as a lingua franca (Clayton, 2007). Due to this trend, more and more Kampuchean learners ache paid more attention to the subject field of English. The emergence of English has become even more prosperous after the country was admitted into the Association of S out(p)heast Asiatic Nations (ASEAN) in 1999 (Clayton, 2007). Nevertheless, a number of Cambodian EFL learners pass water failed to be proficient in the oral communication although having spent a lot of years acquisition the expression. The spring lying behind the failure can be the ignorance of in force(p) dustup encyclopedism strategies or a match mingled with the erudition strategies frequently utilizationd by the students and the teaching strategies thought to be effective, by teachers, in teaching the wording (Chamot, 2004 Felder Henriques, 1995 Fewell, 2010). found on Bull and Ma (2001), students may not be aware of the strategies they have apply or are use in order to enhance their comprehension, retain information in their memory, or recall what they have learnt. As Chamot and OMalley (1990) claimed that learners are unique and naturally possess different schooling names, the unawareness may lead to the inappropriate use of the teaching strategies available (Oxford, 2003). withal the acquisition styles defined by Oxford (2003) as a general approach or behaviour used by learners to acquire the language-auditory or visual style , other variables such as the learner characteristics, elaboration and context, etc. also wield influence on the utilization of the strategies (Chamot, 2004). For instance, learners who live in a culture that values individual competition may prefer the strategies allowing them to work alone to other strategies call ing for cooperation and collaboration. In addition to this, the context also plays an important post in deciding the utilzation of the skill strategies. For example, a charter conducted by Edonomo and Secomo (2007) in Turkey showed that learners tended to use social strategies to learn the language in a realistic context but cognitive and metacognitive strategies in a tutored-setting context. However, the awareness of the strategies, to Felder Henriques (1995), is not yet the solution to the failure if the teaching strategies the teachers believe to be helpful in aquiring the language are mateed with the learning strategies taken for granted by the learners. Djigunovic (2001) indicated that using inappropiate teaching strategies which are not favoured by the learners may not be able to motivate them to learn the language well. Similarly, Griffiths and Parr (2001) discovered in their instruction made in New Zealand that there was an almost complete difference in perception of l earning strategies between students and teachers. Due to the aforementioned points, I am unsure if the unawareness of the language learning strategies and the diverse perspertives on the language learning strategies also take place in the Cambodian EFL context.So far, a number of studies have been done to provide ground to the issue of language learning strategies. Bull and Ma (2001) conducted a study to draw students attention to the language learning strategies they have used to learn the language. In the same regard, the designation of the strategies, using SILL (Strategy scrutinize for Language Learning) designed by Oxford (1990), is also made by various researchers specialized in the field of study (Chamot, 2004 Edonomo Secomo, 2007 Embi, Mahamod, Teh, Yusoff, 2009 Fewell, 2010). Moreover, the inte parityship between the utilization of the language learning strategies and student motivation has also been explored (Djigunovic, 2001). Embi, Mahamod, Teh, and Yusoff (2009) eve n looked at the correlation between gender and the strategies frequently used. At the same time, some researchers are raise in exploring whether there is a mismatch between students perspectives and teachers perspectives on the effective language learning strategies used to learn the language and the unfortunate potential consequences of the mismatch (Chamot, 2004 Felder Henriques, 1995 Griffiths Parr, 2001).Though there are quite a a number of studies in the field of language learning strategies, few of them have been conducted in the Cambodian EFL context. The identification of the language learning strategies frequently used by Cambodian EFL students in the classroom learning environment and the comparison between Cambodian EFL teachers perspectives and students perspectives on the paper in boil down have not yet been studied together.The lack of the study more or less contributes to the poor academic performance of the Cambodian EFL learners excepting other variables. I be lieve that when the perspectives of the two groups (teachers and students) are determined, we bequeath be able to help the students learn the language more effectively so that they will not waste their time, financial resoures, and mental effort. Additionally, the understanding of the covert perceptions will give the language teachers ideas on how to use appropriate teaching strategies which are matched with the students learning strategies in the right learning context. Besides, the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (MoEYS) may take the findings into consideration and implement relevant policies which can enhance the English learning environment in Cambodia.Based on the aforesaid significance, this present study aims at identifying the language learning strategies frequently used by the Cambodian EFL learners to deal with different types of language tasks and exploring the effective language learning strategies in the Cambodian EFL context from the perspective of lecturers and students at the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL), Phnom Penh. Thus, the research questions required to answer areWhat are the effective language learning strategies frequently used by IFL students to handle various language tasks?What are the language learning strategies regarded as effective by IFL lecturers?Annotated BibliographyBull, S., Ma, Y. (2001). acme learner awareness of language learning strategies. InteractiveLearning Environments , 9 (2), 171-200.Bull and Ma have brought the issue of language learning strategies which are intimately related to my research topic into focus. In their study, they reviewed a variety of both learning styles and strategies. Difference between learning styles and strategies were also clearly made. Through the questionnaire (SILL-Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) administered to non-native learners of English who also have high take of English progress, findings which revealed the learning strategies already used by student s and the ones recommended to them should be made aware of in order that the problem of a mismatch between students learning styles and teachers teaching styles can be avoided. Therefore, I would say that this journal article would cover a lot of ground on my research topic.Chamot, A. U. (2004). Issues in language learning strategy research and teaching. ElectronicJournal of Foreign Language Teaching , 1 (1), 14-26.This is a collective entropyary source discussing how issues in language learning strategies affect the performance of students and teachers of foreign languages. Chamot makes a profound study into several issues pertaining to language learning strategies including the identification of students learning strategies, the classification of identified strategies, the interrelationship between the strategies and learner characteristics, the influence of culture and context, etc. This descriptive research further points out that knowing students learning strategies is of vita l importance to teachers who attempt to help students become more successful language learners. Moreover, the paper also discusses the impact of culture and learning environment on the utilization of the strategies. These two main focuses are exactly what I am concentrating on in my research therefore, more or less, I will be able to returns from this descriptive study.Chamot, A. U., OMalley, J. M. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition.Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Chamot and OMalley write this book in an attempt to describe what language learning strategies are, how they help learners enhance comprehension and retain information in their memory, how they are learned, and why they influence the learning outcome. Furthermore, various theories regarding learning strategies in second language acquisition are also explained. More or less, these theoretical explanations will provide ground to my study.Djigunovic, J. M. (2001). Are language learning strategie s motivationspeicific? language learningstrategies and motivation. Orbis Linguarum , 18, 125-138.In the study conducted in Croatia, Djigunovic put emphasis on the relationship between language learning strategies and learning motivation. Three separate studies were made at different learning institutions, and a large sample of participants, aged from 13 to 21, were given two sets of questionnaire to complete. One is SILL used to check the strategies used by students, and other one is the motivation questionnaire. The result showed that student motivation correlated unfeignedly with all the strategies frequently used. The more motivated the learners were, the more frequently they used the learning strategies. However, the findings also revealed that the learning motivation decreased according to the learner age. The youngest learners were found to have the strongest connection between the motivation and strategies used. Though my study does not focus on the learning motivation, i t will gain advantage from this study as well since motivation is what every learner needs in order to pursue in learning the language, and I do believe that the identification of the strategies which are able to motivate students to learn well will be of great benefit to my study.Edonomo, D. V., Secomo, Y. D. (2007). Foreign language learning strategy choicenaturalistic versus instructed language acquisition. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education , 3 (1), 4-11.In Turkey, a study conducted by Edonomo and Secomo to discover how different learning contexts-naturalistic and instructed language acquisition, with their different specific demands, affect language learning strategy preferences and frequency of use was investigated. In the study, 25 international students who were studying English at Bogazici University in Istanbul were selected. At the same time, they also had to study Turkish in order to survive in the country. Due to the fact that these international students wer e studying English in a formal setting (Instructed language acquisition) and Turkish in a non-formal setting (Naturalistic language acquisition), the researchers were interested in the language learning strategies frequently used by the students in the two different contexts. As a result, we could see that the students tend to use social and compensation strategies to learn Turkish in the outside classroom learning environment while metacognitive, cognitive, and compensation strategies are preferred to learn English in the classroom learning environment. Although, this study primarily focuses on the language learning strategies used in different learning contexts, it is somehow related to my proposed study which deals with the perspectives of students and teachers on the effective language learning strategies used in the classroom learning environment. To a certain extent, it also provides background information to my research study.Embi, M. A., Mahamod, Z., Teh, K. S., Yusoff, N. M. (2009). A closer look at gender and Arabiclanguage learning strategy use. European Journal of Social Sciences , 9 (3), 399-407.There are umpteen research studies done to investigate the correlation between language learning strategies and proficiency level or motivation. Differently, this study was conducted to find out the relationship between gender and strategies use in learning Arabic language. The researchers collected data, using SILL questionnaire, from a total of 457 students who were studying Arabic language in Malaysia. The result of the study was in accord with some studies done previously which showed that female students tended to use language learning strategies, especially affective and metaphysic strategies, more often than male students. This significant difference will give me an idea to determine the strategies frequently used by female Cambodian learners and the ones often used by male Cambodian learners.Fewell, N. (2010). Language learning strategies and Eng lish language proficiency an investigationof Japanese EFL university students. TESOL Journal , 2, 159-174.In this study, Fewell attempted to investigate the correlation between English proficiency level and the correct utilization of language learning strategies on Japanese first year students. Other variables excepting learning strategies which may affect students proficiency level were carefully determined and excluded from the study, although the attempt was hard to achieve. In order to determine the impact of the utilization of learning strategies on the proficiency level, the researcher used SILL to splay the strategies used by the top 25% of English proficient learners and the bottom 25% of English proficient learners. Unexpectedly, the analyzed result was contrary to the results of most studies demonstrate the correlation between increased English proficiency and increased language learning strategy utilization. Due to the finding, I realize that this study is absolutely fa scinating, and what really fascinates me is the underlying factors interfering the findings.Felder, R. M., Henriques, E. R. (1995). Learning and teaching styles in foreign and secondlanguage education. Foreign Language Annals , 28 (1), 21-31.The content of this descriptive study includes many findings I am looking for. The researchers purposefully raise the learning strategies particularly suitable for second and foreign language acquisition. Moreover, the authors discuss certain learning styles favored by the teaching styles of most language teachers. It is written in the paper that the unawareness of students learning styles and teachers teaching styles can lead to the unfortunate mismatch which can result in several negative consequences including boredom of learning, demotivation, poor academic performance, etc. This study, though not a field study, represents a precious collective source of information on the issues in language learning strategies and, obviously, will become a fundamental reference to my study.Griffiths, C., Parr, J. M. (2001). Language learning strategies system and perception. ELTJournal , 55 (3), 247-254.This easily understandable article is closely related to my study. If looking at the research questions, Griffiths and Parr aim at discovering the most frequently used language learning strategies adopted by the contemporary language learners who are speakers of other languages and the teachers perception of the language learning strategies used by their students. To get the result, a large sample of 569 students who are non-native speakers of English in New Zealand were selected to fill the SILL and 30 experienced teachers were invited to complete ILLS (Inventory of Language Learning Strategies) questionnaires. The result of the study was quite interesting because there was a mismatch between students and teachers perspectives on using the strategies to learn the target language. Based on the students perception, social strategies are the most usually used and memory strategies are the least however, the teachers believe that their students use memory strategies the most and affective strategies the least. The difference in perception between the students and teachers really interests me, and I think this study can be a good model for my present study as it also provides useful information on the relation between changing language teaching and learning theories and the language learning strategies which go alongside.Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language learning styles and strategies an overview. In Learning styles andstrategies (pp. 1-25). GALA.In this chapter, Oxford mainly discusses the trait between learning styles and strategies in depth. Extended definitions of the key terms are provided. This chapter of the book is fundamental to my study since detailed description of each style or strategy is given one by one, and there is also a part discussing the implications for L2 teaching. The author clearly indicat es that harmony between students style and strategy preferences and a combination of instructional methodology and materials is the essence of helping students perform well in their L2 learning.

Lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 Essay -- Essays Papers

Lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 General in chief of the Confederate armies in the American Civil War. Born in Virginias Westmoreland County on January 19, 1807, the third son of Henry (Light Horse Harry) and Ann Hill Carter Lee. Declining fortunes forced the familys removal to Alexandria, where Robert distinguished himself in local schools. His fathers death in 1811 increased responsibilities on all the sons Robert, especially, cared for his invalid mother. Lee graduated number two in his class from the U.S. Military academy in 1829. Commissioned a brevet lieutenant of engineers, he spent a few days at strengthen Pulaski, Georgia, and spike Monroe, Virginia. At Fort Monroe on June 30, 1831, he married Mary Ann Randolph Custis, with whom he had seven children. Lee worked in the chief engineers office in Washington, D.C., from 1834 to 1837. He was transferred to Fort Hamilton, New York, where he remained until 1846. In August 1846 Lee joined General John E. Wools army in Texa s. In the encounter of Buena Vista, Lees boldness drew his superiors attention. Transferred to General Winfield Scotts Veracruz expedition, in the battle at Veracruz and in the advance on Mexico he won additional acclaim. Following American occupation of the Mexican capital, he worked on maps for possible upcoming campaigns. Already a captain in the regular service, he was made brevet colonel for his gallantry in the war. Lee returned to engineer duty at Baltimores Fort Carroll until 1852, when he reluctantly became superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. In 1855 he was made lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Cavalry, one of the soldierss elite units. The years 1857-1859 were bleak. Lee had to take several furloughs to deal with family business and seriously thought of resigning his commission. However, in 1859 he and his men successfully put down John Browns disorder at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. In 1860 he became commander of the Department of Texas. Talk of secession i n the South grew strident during Lees Texas sojourn. No secessionist, he was loyal to the Union and the U.S. Army yet he had no doubts about his loyalties if Virginia departed the Union. Ties of blood bound him to the South. Lee recognised a commission as colonel of the 1st U.S. Cavalry in March 1861. But offered command of the entire U.S. Army a month later, he hesitated. If he accepted... ...in chief of all Confederate armies in February 1865, could give moreover general direction to lingering disaster. Sherman marched upward through the Carolinas, threatening Petersburg. Lee failed to split Grants front. On April 2, Grants attack snapped Lees lines the Confederates began evacuating Petersburg and Richmond. Lee was compelled to surrender his shadow force of no more than 9,000 soldiers at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. Arlington, the Custis family seat, was gone now the Lees had no real home. They remained in Richmond, well treated by the Federals. In September Lee accepted the pre sidency of Washington College, in Lexington, Virginia, where he remained until his death. Devoted to education and to resurrecting the South, Lee became a symbol of reunification. He refused to abandon his distressed country, hoped for Southern reassimilation, and set a lofty example. Without bitterness, he obeyed the law and counseled all Southerners to do the same. Indicted for treason, he never stood trial and although never granted a pardon, he lived in comfort and in great honor. In September 1870 he was stricken, probably with an acute attack of angina, and died on October 12.

Incompetent Job Performance In Public Service Essay -- Work Employment

Incompetent Job Performance In Public Service Historically public employees have been viewed by the general public as universe overpaid, inefficient, ineffective and unresponsive to the privations of the public. The news medias constant reporting of scandals, financial misappropriations and unethical behavior in the public good further recognize the growing lack of confidence the public has in the competence of public service organizations. In 1989 the National Commission on the Public Service, the Volcker Commission, reported that the need for competence and trustworthiness in public service was steadily growing not diminishing. (Nigro, 9) The goal of the Volcker Commission was to identify the necessary changes to personnel policies and practices that would counteract the change magnitude public lack of confidence in the ability of public service organizations to satisfy public demands. Many local governments that experienced the budget cuts, fiscal restraints and organiz ational turmoil of the 1990s have determined that to enhance their competence, gain public trust and to avoid future financial difficulties, it is imperative that the staff of public service organizations become more professional, better trained and responsive to public needs. Managers in public service organizations have a vitally important role in the effort to create competence and gain public trust. Traditionally, the job of a manager has been defined as one who keeps things going in an organization. Generally the focus of a manager is on monitoring, directing and refining the current performance of the organization. (Whetten, 14) A manager gets things done through people. Leaders are those who establish the good deal and set the direction of t... ...ers, Inc., 1996 5. Nigro, Lloyd G., Felix A. Nigro. The New Public Personnel Administration. Itasca, Illinois F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., 1994 6. Scott, Michael P. 7 PITFALLS for MANAGERS WHEN HANDLING P OOR PERFORMERS and HOW TO OVERCOME THEM February 2000 Online. Available http//web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth 7. Segal, Jonathan A. Performance Management For Jekyll and Hyde February 1999 Published in HR Magazine, Legal Trends. Online. Available http//www.wolfblock.com 8. Vaughan, Susan. Rethinking Employee Evaluations Los Angeles Times, 8 April 2001 Work Place, Part W, Page 1 9. Whetten, David A., Kim S. Cameron. Developing Management Skills, 4th ed. New York Addison-Wesley Inc., 1998