A History of the World Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A History of the World Economy - Essay Example However, it remarkably focuses on the gains and resilience of the free world economy. It systematically traces the origins and ultimate arrival of a global order now ubiquitously termed as globalization. The industrial revolution in the early 18th century ushered in an era from when there has been no looking back. Be it political, social or economical developments, changes had started happening, and happening fast. Too fast for philosophers and researchers to apply the prevalent principles and pinpoint which way the world was headed and how best to keep matters under control to avoid situations running out of hand. Unknown then, the world was inexorably headed towards two world wars when the globe caught in the destabilizing politics of world domination by different European countries and exultant with the benefits of the new inventions like the "Morse Code" telegraph and the steam engine, did not think what could happen to a globe as a result of selfish motives. And when the wars did take place in two quick successions it was too late to put in place a proper political and economical order. It also led to a debilitating depression when the political framework and economic structures had lost their moorings and had to be restructured from a scratch. None would challenge the view that the concept of globalization existed well before its actual ascendance. The very term 'globalization' has seen a widespread and rapid usage and acceptance since the last two decades. Economists like Martin Albrow defined globalization in terms of a single world society and system of processes which incorporates the world into one homogenous order. Or like Anthony Giddens who described globalization as a "new form of world interdependence." However, none would have guessed the enormity of scale in which globalization has seen changes in world economy in which economy that was not based on democratic principles was bound to collapse. The book has little to offer on the pre-globalisation era except during the pre and post war periods. It only dwells at length on the different situations and practices of economy in different parts of Europe, especially central and east Europe in comparison with the well developed economy of the north and northwestern Europe. Communication and Transport The upsurge in economy resulting from rapid advances in communication and transport saw the emergence of a new world order. Corrupt, obsolete socialist, bigotry, and archaic systems could do little to withstand the speed with which they had to introduce reforms they would have rejected had they the choice. True, globalization to any countries was synonymous with western culture. Because western countries like the USA, UK, Germany, and France were anyway in the forefront of the new economic system. The speed and ease with which communication and traveling became possible with the internet and airways and bullet trains were quickly adapted by these nations and countries like China, India, Korea, and the Eastern. European nations like Poland followed suit with their large skilled workforce. The book systematically closes in, following the events of the 18th century onwards, on the inevitability of globalization even in the face of stiff

Letter-to-Congressperson - Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter-to-Congressperson - Geology - Assignment Example Global warming leads to a rise in sea level and eventual flooding due to the rise in temperature by a few degrees that melt the ice caps. As such, countries that are below or in a short range above sea level will be in danger of flooding. The Kyoto protocol thus comes into play to prevent any factors that increase global warming. Some of the causes that have been envisaged over time are the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The Kyoto protocol has its focus on the reduction of six main greenhouse gases, which include Sulphur hexafluoride, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide. The gases are produced by industries and the more industries a country has, the more emissions released to the atmosphere. The United States contributes to 35% of the total emissions in the world according to the Kyoto Protocol Annex and thus should be the first country to take the protocol seriously. As it builds, more industries at present and in future the emission consequently increase. As such, the Kyoto protocol ensures that the affected countries reduce the emissions to the acceptable minimum. The United States only signed the Kyoto protocol but did not ratify it and disengaged in 2001 as noted earlier. The former president George W. Bush was instrumental in disengaging from the Kyoto protocol. Bill Clinton had signed the protocol, but it was not taken to the Senate to approve it. H noted that the coal industry would significantly be affected by the introduction of the Kyoto protocol since the country relies on it in the employment of its citizens and production of energy and use in industries. The then President George Bush sought not to ratify the protocol due to the energy crisis that he said was looming globally. Additionally, no conclusive reason was there and specified solutions for the industries in the affected countries to follow in reducing the

Research Project Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Research Project Climate Change Essay INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation of the weather in global scale which include changes in temperature, precipitation, nebulosity and other phenomena. These variations last for an extended period of time (decades to millions of years) and they can be caused by external forces (variations on the solar activity, orbital variations, impact of meteorites), internal forces (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, El Nino), or by results of the human activity (global warming). Global Warming There are many questions about global warming, from its causes to its effects, and many people even question whether or not it even exists. Global warming is described as the increase of the average temperature of the Earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as deforestation, use of fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion and cement production. According to the global warming theory, the intensification of industrial activities during the twentieth century (based on the fossil fuel combustion such as petrol and coal) increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The increase of the global temperature and the new composition of the atmosphere lead to several alterations which affect the elevation of the sea level, heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions, to name a few. Greenhouse effect and the emission of CO2 Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. If it were not for the greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, the Earth would be a very cold place. Greenhouse gases are any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation produced by solar warming. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and water vapor. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, but the elevated levels are directly blamed to human activities, specially the production in excess of carbon dioxide when any material containing carbon is burned, such as oil, coal, natural gas, or wood. However it is controversial whether the human activities are to blame for the global warming due to the emission of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide represents a very small percentage of the gases in the atmosphere (only 0.032%) and it is immediately absorbed by the vegetation, in all kind of environments, without any possibility of accumulation anywhere. The population that consumes CO2 (plants) is much bigger than the population that is emitting this gas (men and machines). Besides, the energy used in the process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere is endless: the solar energy. Mainly, the determining factors of the climate change are basically the energy of the sun or insulation and the speed of the rotation and translation of the Earth. Is Global Warming Real? Although the whole world is aware of the global warming issue and is afraid of what its impacts could do in the coming future, there are those who still believe global warming is a fiction and does not exist. The global warming debate in many parts of the earth is ranging more than before. One of the world’s best known climate change sceptic John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel, has claimed that the theory of man-made climate change is no longer scientifically credible and rising global temperatures points to a natural phenomenon within a developing eco-system. According to Coleman, global warming has become a political and environment agenda item, but the science is not valid, and efforts to prove the theory that carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas and pollutant causing significant warming or weather effects have failed. â€Å"The impact of humans on climate is not  catastrophic†, he says, â€Å"our planet is not in peril. It is all a scam, the result of bad science.† (John Coleman, 2014) On the other hand, former Vice President Al Gore, who had an award-winning documentary film in 2006 called An Inconvenient Truth which discusses the present and future effects of global warming, continues his fight against global warming and says that â€Å"we simply cannot continue to use the atmosphere as an open sewer for dirty and dangerous global warming pollution that endangers our health and makes storms, floods, mudslides and droughts much more dangerous and threatening.† (Al Gore, 2014). He supports the adoption of renewable energy such as solar and wind power and enforces bold new standards for fuel economy. CONCLUSION Whether global warming is a consequence of human activities or other phenomena (or both), it is real and climate change is happening. We should all do our part to help alter the future path of human-induced warming by adopting a more responsible lifestyle to reduce the amount of CO2 emission by reducing waste, recycling, switching to green power (wind and solar), planting trees, carpooling and so on. Also, less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. REFERENCES Climate Change. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/global-warming.php (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Coleman, J. (2014) Global Warming Greatest Scam in History! – Global Warming And The Climate. Retrieved from http://www.global-warming-and-the-climate.com/ arguments-against-global-warming.htm Gore, A. (June 18, 2014) The Turning Point: New Hope for the Climate. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/ the-turning-point-new-hope-for-the- climate-20140618 Statement by Former Vice President Gore on Australias climate policy. July 17, 2014. Retrieved from blog.algore.com (Online; accessed 19-November-2014).

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study Abstract The psychological abuse of men by their partners has been acknowledged as an important form of partner abuse in domestic violence research. There is dearth of psychological research on emotional abuse of males by their intimate partners. The sample comprised of 150 males (equal number of married and unmarried/ in an intimate relationship), in the age range of (18-30 years old). Guttman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale (Weiss Marmar) were used. Analysis of data showed that the intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significantly correlated. The results revealed that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse leading to PTSD. Women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases. Results also showed that the participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. Keywords: Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse, PTSD, Men, Victim. Introduction Anintimate relationship is an  interpersonal relationship  that involves  physical  or  emotional intimacy.1 Intimate partner violence (IPV), which includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of one partner by another, is a national social and health problem affecting thousands of individuals and families. 2 Women typically suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men who experience female perpetrated violenc.3, 4 Male victims of domestic violence have been seriously neglected in public policy, but they are not rare at all, they’re just less likely to report it.5 However, the researchers have revealed the significance of IPV on male victims, specifically the study of psychological abuse against men.4, 6, 7 Walker described six components of emotional abuse: (a)verbal attacks (ridicule, verbal harassment, name calling); (b)isolation (social or financial); (c)jealousy/possessiveness (even with family, friends, and pets); (d)verbal threats of harm, abuse, or torture; (e)threats to divorce, abandon, or have an affair; and (f)damage to or destruction of personal property.8 Emotional abuse is very common and extremely damaging to victims. Many of IPV survivors have asserted that emotional abuse is worse than physical abuse and has long-lasting effects.9 Emotional abuse is a significant predictor of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and negative mood and psychosomatic complaints. 10 Studies of female victims of IPV have repeatedly shown that physical IPV leading to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder 11,12,13,14,15,16 but between 25% and 50% of victims of physical IPV in a given year are men.2, 17, 18 The association between psychological abuse and negative health outcomes in men required more exploration in future to better understand this association. Studies showed that in intimate partner relationship, one of the strongest predictors for violence is the experience of violence in the family. Intimate partner abuse is a learnt pattern of behavior, so abusiveness is not a lack of control and it is not an illness. 19 According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-IV, PTSD is a psychiatric condition that follow the experience of a traumatic incident, the symptoms tend to cluster on three dimensions: persistent reexperiencing of the trauma, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and persistent increased arousal.20 Many people who experience a traumatic event having at least some symptoms of PTSD.11,12,14,15 Although psychological or mild physical IPV can elicited posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. 11,13,14,16 Psychological abuse strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV.21 Hines and Saudino found that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners. 22 Researchers like Randle and Graham have demonstrated the emotionally abused men can experience depression, psychological distress and PTSD.23 Hines and Douglas also noted the associations between emotional abuse and post traumatic stress symptoms in men.24 Method 2.1. Participants Participants consisted of (n=150) males with equal number of married and unmarried (in a relationship with female partner).The data for the study was collected from DAV College, Government College for boys in Chandigarh, India. Participants had to be between the ages of 18-35 years old. They also had to have been involved in an intimate relationship at least for 4-5 years. 2.2. Procedure: Participants were given the questionnaires regarding demographics, aggressive behaviors that they and their female partners may have used and more detailed information regarding their last argument (if applicable), their mental health and various risk factors. 2.3. Measures 2.3.1. Gottman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (GEAQ) This test developed by Gottman and Gottman in (2009) at the Gottman Institute, it consist of 25 items with two choice of true and false answers. Reliability and validity of test are satisfied. The IES-R was developed in Weiss and Marmar (1997) to reflect the DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The original Impact of Events Scale (IES) predated the adoption of PTSD as a ‘legitimate’ diagnosis in the DSM-III of 1980 and measured two of the four DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. However, the response format in the IES assesses the ‘frequency of symptoms’ (not at all = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes = 3 and often = 5) and was changed in the IES-R to measure ‘symptom severity’ (0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely). 2.3.4 Sociodemographics Men were asked basic demographic information themselves and their partners including age, income, education, occupation and also asked about current status of their relationship (Married, Unmarried, divorce, Cohabitation) and how many children involved in that relationship. Statistical analysis Data analyses were completed using SPSS version 8.0 Software. Descriptive statics viz, mean and standard deviation was performed. Pearson r was used to find the co- relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and t-tests was used to find the differences in married and unmarried men. Results 3.1. Differences between samples in Demographics, Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse (IPEA) and other mediators The differences between the married and unmarried samples in demographic characteristics showed that, in terms of overall violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence of violence than married men. Marital status showed that unmarried men were more likely to be young compared to married men. Married and unmarried men also differed in respect to education. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. Also women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases. 3.2. Correlations between an intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD: The investigation revealed that men who sustained IPEA had a greater likelihood of reaching PTSD, the analysis showed that the association between IPEA and PTSD were significant (.843**) at level of 0.01. Then we divided the samples into two groups married (n=75) and unmarried (n=75) to obtain the correlation between IPEA and PTSD in unmarried men and unmarried men separately. Table 1 contains the mean, standard deviation and standard error mean of emotional abuse and PTSD for both married and unmarried and indicates the t-test to find the differences of emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Table 1.The obtained mean and standard deviations and t-ratio are presented. Significant at p Table 2.Correlation between IPEA and PTSD **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level(2-tailed). In table 2 showed that there is significantly positive relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD, it means that the higher intimate partner emotional abuse is a higher PTSD among men. Table 3.Correlation of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD in Married and Unmarried **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Table 3 showed that the correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Results indicates that correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married men were significant (.709**) at level 0.01 and unmarried men were positively significant (866**) at level 0.01. 4. Discussion â€Å"Today, IPV is recognized as a serious problem, which affects the personal and familial well-being†.25 Straus reported that men are not considered traditional victims of intimate partner violence, but between 2007 and 2009, male who denounced cases of IPV in Porto, compute for a relevant portion of all the victims of IPV.26 General knowledge about this phenomena has increased over the years, therefore, it is expected that the number of victims who look for help become more. In so many cases, men did not report that they have abused by their intimate partner, particularly because they afraid of being an object of ridicule.25, 27 In a specific society, it is expected that men are not abused by women, but currently in western societies, where there is greater gender equality, the rate of male victims of IPV is significant.28 The present study, the first is to investigate the associations between PTSD and Intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) victimization among men which provides that the PTSD is a major concern among men who sustain IPEA. In addition, comparing the married and unmarried men and their association with PTSD then we are able to figure out the differences between married and unmarried who are emotionally abused and also suffering from PTSD. A study examined PTSD symptoms in male and female survivors of IPV.21 Psychological abuse was strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV. Concerns with male victims of IPV, findings showed that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners.22 In support of previous research, this research found that for both samples (married and unmarried men) who sustain IPEA were significantly high on PTSD.21,29, 6 The model for this sample was congruent with what others have found regarding the influence of prior history of abuse, sustaining trauma, and social support on PTSD.30 Consistent with past studies which showed that cohabiters, generally have a higher risk of violence than married.31,32,33,34,35 The current study found that cohabiting men have an elevated risk of experiencing IPEA as compared to married men. However the results showed that when comparing married and unmarried men, married men, who sustain IPEA, were significantly less likely to experience PTSD than those who were in an intimate relationship. Typically women suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men.3,4,7 However, researchers have found the significance of IPV on male victims.4,6 In the current study the perpetrators were all women. According to these studies, women are as capable as men to perpetrate violence against their intimate partners and they do it more frequently. 36,37,38 According to demography, the study supports this concept as well. In addition to PTSD being exponentially higher in unmarried men, associations between PTSD and IPEA were somehow different. Regarding violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence than married men of reporting having experienced violence. Marital status in unmarried men was more likely to be young compared to married men. In terms of education, married and unmarried men also were differed. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. 4.1. Study limitations The limitations of current study need to be considered to future research. First, this is a correlation study, so assumption about causality cannot be strongly enacted. and third, Second, by analyzing the men’s reports of IPEA, it is possible that the men overestimated their female partner’s use of IPEA so we have no guarantee of the realness of their reports thus future studies should seek to obtain information from both sides. 4.2. Conclusions The results of this study allowed us to conclude that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA). Analysis showed that the association between intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significant and in all cases women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse. Results also showed that the participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. The results of this study and other works indicate that this may be the most fruitful way to provide treatment for men who have experienced IPEA and present with PTSD symptoms. References: 1. Miller R, Perlman D. Intimate Relationships. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages; 2008. 2. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women 2000; 6: 142–161. 3. Archer J. Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 2000; 126(5): 651–680. 4. Hines DA, Malley-Morrison K. Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: A neglected research area. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2001: 2(2); 75–85. 5. National Coalition For Men (NCFM ) http://ncfm.org/know-the-issues/mens-rights-issues/ ;2014 (last accessed on 5th July2014). 6. Hines DA. Post-traumatic stress symptoms among men who sustain partner violence: A multinational study of university students. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2007; 8: 225–239. 7. Holtzworth-Munroe A. Male versus female intimate partner violence: Putting findings in context. Journal of Marriage and Family 2005; 67:1120– 1125. 8. Walker LE. The Battered Woman Syndrome, Springer Publishing Company, New York 1984. 9. Lynch S, Graham-Berman SA. Women abuse and self-affirmation: Influences on women’s self-steem. Violence against women 2000; 6(2):78-97. 10. Arias I, Pape KT. Psychological abuse: implications for adjustment and commitment to leave violent partners. Violence Vict 1999; 14(1):55-67. 11. Astin B, Lawrence KJ, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women: Risk and resiliency factors. Violence and Victims 1993;8(1):17–28. 12. Cascardi M, O’Leary KD, Lawrence EE, Schlee KA. Characteristics of women physically abused by their spouses and who seek treatment regarding marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63(4):616–623. 13. Housekamp BM, Foy DW. The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1991;6:367–375. 14. Kemp A, Rawlings EI, Green BL. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women: A shelter sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1991;4:137–148. 15. Saunders DG. Post-traumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: A comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence and Victims 1994;9:31–44. 16. Woods S, Isenberg MA. Adaptation as a mediator of intimate abuse and traumatic stress in battered women. Nursing Science Quarterly 2001;14:215–221. 17. Cook PW. Abused men: The hidden side of domestic violence (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger 2009. 18. Stith S, Straus MA. Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/V56.pdf ;1995. (last accessed on 20th July2014). 19. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence. Truma, violence, abuse 2002; 3(3), 210-225. 20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed text revision. Washington, DC: Author 2000. 21. Coker AL, Weston R, Creson DL, Justice B, Blakeney P. PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence: The role of risk and protective factors. Violence and Victims 2005;20:625–643. 22. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised Conflict Tactic Scales. Violence and Victims 2003;18: 197–217. 23. Randle AA, Graham CA. A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 2011;12(2):97-111. 24. Hines DA, Douglas EM. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence: A study of helpseeking and community samples. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2011;12(2):112-127. 25. Carmo R, Grams A, Magalhà £es T. Men as victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2011; 18(8):355-359. 26. Straus MA. Womens violence toward men is a serious social problem. In: Loseke DR, Gelles RJ, Cavanaugh MM, editors. Current controversies on famlly violence, 2nd ed. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 2005. P.55-77. 27. Felson RB, Parà © P. The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police. J Marriage Fam 2005;67:597-610. 28. Archer J. Cross-cultural difference in physical aggression between partners: A social-role analysis. Personality and Social Review 2006;10(2):133– 153. 29. Dansky BS, Byrne CA, Brandy KT. Intimate violence and post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with cocaine dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1999;25: 257–268. 30. Fontana A, Rosenheck R. PTSD among Vietnam theater veterans: A causal model of etiology in a community sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994;182:677–684. 31. Anderson KL. Gender, status, and domestic violence: An integration of feminist and family violence approaches. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1997;59(3):655-669. 32. Brinkerhoff, M. B., Lupri, E. Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 1988;13(4):407-434. 33. Jackson NA. Observational experiences of intrapersonal conflict and teenage victimization: A comparative study among spouses and cohabitors. Journal of Family Violence 1996;11(3):191-203. 34. Stets JE. Cohabiting and marital aggression: The role of social isolation. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1991;53(3):669-680. 35. Stets JE, Straus MA. The marriage license as a hitting license: A comparison of assaults in dating, cohabiting, and married couples. Journal of Family Violence 1989;4(2), 161-180. 36. Swan SC, Gambone LJ, Caldwell JE, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. A review of research on women’s use of violence with male intimate partners. Violence and Victims 2008;28:301-14. 37. Dutton DG, Nicholas TL, Spidel A. Female Perpetrators of Intimate Abuse. Women Who Perpetrate Relationship Violence: Moving Beyond Political Correctness. Pp. 1-31. Available online at http://lab.drdondutton.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/DUTTON-NICHOLLS-AND-SPIDEL-2005-FEMALE-PERPETRATORS-OF-INTIMATE-VIOLENCE.pdf ;2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. (last accessed on 20th sep2014). 38. Carney M, Buttell F, Dutton D. Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence: a review of the literature with recommendations for treatment. Aggress Violent Beh 2007;12:108-15.

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan Globalization has had a great impact in the modern world, and has even come to affect the economy of several Latin American countries. However, has globalization affected the Nicaraguan Economical panorama? In order to answer this question, it is important to take Nicaraguas history into account, a history that has been smeared with endless corruption. Another idea that must be kept in mind is the term â€Å"globalization† has numerous amounts of definitions, so in order to identify the answer; a proper definition must be structured. Within the context of globalization, it is trivial to identify if the key treaties like the ALBA and the CAFTA have had any significant effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Through a careful evaluation, it will be noticed that Globalization has not had an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy yet; however the roots of globalization can already be traced to the economy. One of the limitations found in this research paper was the gathering of different sources from the rural sectors of the country, as the rural perspective of this essay is of much importance to define if globalization has affected Nicaragua or not. Introduction Globalization has started to influence the Nicaraguan economic scheme from the beginning of the 21st century. The Nicaraguan population should ask themselves if globalization would aid the economic stance they are in. Another question that must be asked is if the new trade agreements will benefit or harm the private sector of the rural Nicaraguan farmers. The last question to be answer is, â€Å"Globalization from what side?† as the American Hemisphere seems to be structured with a strong Capitalist giant on the top, The United States of America, and numerous amounts of underdeveloped Socialist countries, which can be said to be most of South America, consisting of Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia, Uruguay all have socio-democratic governments, that exercise populist tendencies. Another point that should be kept in mind is the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA, as the socio-democratic alignment that Nicaragua currently has should be kept in mind. Both treaties should be considered in the â€Å"global† sense as there are currently four enlisted countries in the ALBA agreement, which are Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Ecuador; while the CAFTA is conformed of The United States, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican Republic and Costa Rica. The main concern in regards to globalization may not even be of an economic impact, but rather on of an ideological degree. The Nicaraguan populations view on globalization is of a loss of national pride, as if the United States would take over the countrys economy; which to some extent is true. The ideological conflict, however, stands on whether to be a nationalist, a socialist or a capitalist. Nicaraguas preferences must be examined in order to determine if globalization will have an effect in the Nicaraguan economy. Nicaragua has a long history of corruption that can be traced back to the 1930s with the Somoza dynasty, and can then be followed along the list of Somoza family members onto the Sandinista Mandate and then into the 21st century with the newly elected â€Å"liberal parties†. It is important to recognize Nicaraguas background in order to determine if Globalization will benefit or harm the economy. In order to truly define the â€Å"sort† of globalization that suits Nicaragua best, a definitely structured definition must be established, as â€Å"globalization† is wide in the range of it meaning. Definition of Globalization The definition of globalization can be branched into three main concepts. The first of the concepts can be referred to as the â€Å"broad† point of view, in which globalization is interpreted without inclinations towards the foreign or domestic perspectives. In this notion, we call â€Å"globalization† when a company or multi-national industry invests capital in a usually underdeveloped economy such as Nicaragua. The other two perspectives stray apart when the question of â€Å"why would the companies invest in underdeveloped countries?† is asked. The â€Å"Imperialist† perspective bases itself on the moral principal of stimulating under developed countrys economies. In this lay out, a corporation such as Nike sets out a factory in the under developed country in order to provide jobs for the grand unemployed population. By providing such work, the corporation is thus permitted to pay low fees to its new employees. If a company does not wish to set up a factory in a new location, they can still enter the local markets through Commerce treaties. In Nicaragua there are two possible treaties, the CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement) and the ALBA (Alternativa Bolivariana), the CAFTA being the most suitable, as it permits United States owned companies to compete in local markets. Taking the Imperialist point of view, the local population is given new choices in the market from which to buy from, choices that are sometimes less expensive and thus more economically feasible for a greater part of the population. The â€Å"Anti-imperialist† perspective, otherwise known as the down side to globalization, regards globalization as â€Å"Economic terrorism†. This point of view focuses on the injustices that these corporations bring upon the under developed countries. The first injustice is the claim that these companies pay a misery of a fee to the employees thus only keeping them busy instead of â€Å"feeding them†, reason for why this low pay condition is usually referred to as a â€Å"Sweat-Shops†. The most impacting injustice would be the fact that these corporations are allowed to compete in local markets. The reason for this claim is that the foreign companies offer products of a cheaper nature, and therefore encourage the local merchants to buy foreign products instead of local ones. Once the local products are not consumed, the national domestic companies thus run out of business placing people out of work. The only form of globalization encouraged in Nicaragua, is one through the ALBA agreement, as the conditions in this treaty are of Self-Growth concepts between allied Latin American countries Venezuela, Bolivia, and Nicaragua. Nicaraguas Economic Background during the Somoza era and the Sandinistas. In the 1936, the Nicaraguan population elected Anastasio Somoza Garcia to power. At this moment, the Nicaraguan economy is on the rise. The main exports were cattle and coffee, settling Nicaragua as one of the richest countries of Central America in the first half of the 20th century. Somoza Garcia, however set Nicaraguas faith by providing the United States with raw materials during World War Two for the Allied war effort. This close association with the United States set the Nicaraguas economical and political dependence to the will of the United States. During his presidency; however, he did not increase the Nicaraguan Economy to a significant degree, instead hes main dedication was of a personal extent. Somoza Garcias tactics consisted of diverting government funds to his own accounts, and purchasing government lands at ridiculously low prices. While the Nicaraguan economy remained at a flat constant, Somoza Garcias personal Bank accounts were at an all time raise. During the wartime, he attained numerous facilities to which income was due, facilities such as a cement factory, the national railroad, a cement factory, most textile plants, several electric power companies, the national airlines, and an extensive control over the banks. His personal income, after World War Two, was estimated to have been of 60 million dollars. After Somoza Garcias death in 1956, his younger son Anastasio Somoza Debayle took control of the presidency and succeeds his father in power. A few years later, after a rigged election, Luis Somoza Debayle, Anastasio Somozas older son, took control of the Nicaraguan presidency. During Luis Somozas presidency, the Nicaraguan economy was hit with a drop in Coffee production, as now the competitions for their main product had been expanded onto other locations and were purchased at even lower prices, causing Nicaragua to drop prices as well. It wasnt the coffee drop, however, that caused many grievances to the Nicaraguan Economy, it was the 1972 Earthquake that caused $15 million in damages. Richard Nixon, however, aided the Nicaraguan government with a donation of $50 million. The Nicaraguan Treasury only reported $17 million of that donation, while the other $33 million was believed to be in Luis Somozas personal bank accounts abroad. It was until 1980 that the Somoza dynasty was replaced by another sort of mandate, a leftist government. In 1980, the United States lifted its â€Å"protective shield† over the Somoza family and allowed internal social conflicts to rise out of control. Luis Somoza was then pressured by the United States to leave Nicaragua with the threat of freezing bank accounts that were located in United States banks. The country was therefore left in the hands of the Revolutionary party F.S.L.N (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional, which is translated to â€Å"Sandinista Front, for National Liberation†), which was commanded by Daniel Ortega. At the moment the F.S.L.N gained presidential authorities, the economic situation had an incredible deficit as major loans were issued from the World Bank. The F.S.L.N, or the Sandinista party for short, did not play a significant role for the Nicaraguan Economy, as their main intentions remained to â€Å"restore the social injustice†. Governmental and private lands were both confiscated and given to the Nicaraguan population as a sort of Land Reform. Not all the land was given to â€Å"the people†, most of it was kept by the high ranking officers such as Daniel Ortega, his brother Humberto Ortega, his right-hand man Tomas Borge and several other Sandinista generals. The countrys economic status dropped from being one of the richest countries in Central America, to being the poorest in the American Hemisphere, preceding only Haiti on the list. It is said by the Director of the Nicaraguan Economic Institute during the 1980s, father Xabier Golostiaga, that â€Å"the Sandinista government, when they took power, found a country with no financial resources†, and also stated that only 3.5 million dollars were found from the 19 banks that were nationalized; however, according Father Golostiaga, Nicaragua inherited a debt of $1.6 billion dollars, while more than half of that money was never used on the Nicaraguan grounds. Even though the Sandinista government is still regarded as a group of â€Å"bandits† in Nicaragua, they did relieve a great percentage of the external debt that Nicaragua had attained during the Somoza dynasty. At the beginning of the Sandinista mandate, influences shifted from the United States the Soviet Union. Nicaragua would engage in trade with the USSR instead of the United States, as the United States had placed Nicaragua in a sort of Financial Boycott. Once the Cold War was over, and ties with the USSR started to shed, the Sandinista government seemed to lose its grasp over the governmental panorama. In 1990, the Sandinista government accepted elections to go forth, losing to candidate Violeta Barrios de Chamarro of the U.N.O party (National Opposition Union). The Nicaraguan Economic panorama (between 1991 and 2007). In 1991, after the Nicaraguan Revolution and the decline of a communist dictatorship, finally, the first liberal government was established during the globalization era. The UNO mandate, cleared much of the economic rubble that the Sandinista dictatorship had left behind. During Violeta Barrioss presidency, she was denied compensation by the United States for damages during the â€Å"Contras† period. After this, donations from European countries were effected, as Nicaragua still remained the worlds second poorest country. It can be said that Nicaragua was institutionalized in a sort of rehabilitation for 7 years in order to get on its feet again. Seven years later, elections were carried out and the Nicaraguan , where people elected Arnoldo Aleman as president from the Liberal Constitutional Party (PLC). At this moment the economy was â€Å"up and running†; and was receiving donation from developed countries, receiving the most from Spain. Besides the flow of income, due to chronic corruption during his government, a 50 million dollar deficit was filed. Arnoldo Aleman had been diverting governmental funds to a private bank account in Switzerland and was arrested for corruption, and money laundry. Corruption had once again been in the hands of a single man. In 2001, Nicaragua saw yet another election, in which Arnoldos vice-president was elected president, president Enrique Bolanos. Nicaraguas economy suffered a stalemate, as president Bolanoss presidency served to â€Å"clean the corruption of the political panorama† and to pay off most of the debts that Nicaragua has inherited during the Sandinistas regime and the Somoza dynasty. The Economic effects of the ALBA and the CAFTA agreements. The CAFTA and the ALBA treaties share similarities within their texts; however, both treaties are approached from different perspectives. The ALBA treaty, is not just considered a treaty, according to Hugo Chavez, it is a bond between Latin American countries, and as Chavez stated: â€Å"Latin America will save itself alone†. So far, there are only 5 members to the ALBA treaty, which members are: Cuba, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela. The CAFTA on the other hand is seen as simply a â€Å"treaty† between the United States and Central America and the Dominican Republic. This approach by the United States has â€Å"scared off† most of the trust among the population, as it suits the symptoms of an economically manipulative doctrine. The points of the CAFTA are expressed as follows: President Hugo Chà ¡vez in his intervention in ALADI has summarized the principals ALBA as the following topics: 1. To promote the fight against the poverty 2. To preserve the autonomy and Latin American identity 3. The transference of technology, the technical assistance 4. The formation of human resources 5. To prioritize national companies us public beings suppliers 6. The agreements could not be obstacle to the diffusion of the scientific and technological progress 7. To face the abuse of the monopolies and oligopolies through effective mechanisms that assure fare competition 8. The foreign investors will not be able to demand the countries by the handling of state monopolies of public interest 9. Treatment special and differentiated to unequal economies to open opportunities to the weakest 10. Process of wide social participation, which can be characterized like democratic 11. Economic, social, cultural and civil rights should be interdependent, indivisible and can not be waived 12. The commercial interests of the investors will not be able to have supremacy over the human rights or over the sovereignty of the States 13. Creation of founds of structural convergence for the correction of asymmetries The different definitions of Globalization must be kept aside when comparing the ALBA and CAFTA, as the goal of a foreign agreement is to aid Nicaraguas economy regardless of ideological opinion. The CAFTA is regarded as the treaty that puts forth the â€Å"Americanization† of a country, as on the contrary, the ALBA encourages Nationalistic growth. The CAFTA agreement encourages United States corporations into investing their capital in underdeveloped countries in exchange for tax liberation, lower employee costs, and a guarantee in case of corporate loss due to a social instability. The preamble of such documents states: â€Å"The CAFTA is designed to eliminate tariffs and trade barriers and expand regional opportunities for the workers, manufacturers, consumers, farmers, ranchers and service providers of all the countries.† The CAFTA, however, interferes with the local market thus damaging the economy anyway, as the bankrupted domestic companies are fully taxed and pay proper salaries to their employees, when I the other hand the foreign corporations pay miserable fees and when in regard to domestic re-investment, the it is unclear of how much of the companys profits are to be invested. Nicaragua has approved the CAFTA; however it has not been publicly accepted, as in Nicaragua, the CAFTA can be understood in the context of a US strategy to divide opposition in negotiations for other larger trade agreements. Instead of aiding US companies, the objective of the ALBA agreement is to promote cooperation and collective development of the region with an emphasis on fighting poverty and social exclusion. The general feel of the can be appreciated in Venezuelan president Hugo Chavezs opening remark at the United Nations: ALBA is not an agreement of the elite. ALBA is born from down below, from the grassroots of the population, without the people no union would be possible and that is one of the criticisms that we have always made of other integration efforts. The objective is not necessarily to maintain high economic statistics or attract investment, but rather to benefit our populations, so that they have health care, education, jobs, and so they can get out of poverty. Another factor about the ALBA and the CAFTA that must be kept in mind is the alignment is the political alignment that Nicaragua maintains of a socio-democratic regime that owes alliances to Venezuela and Cuba, as the Sandinista party owed much of their existence to Cuba during the Cold War. Due to these populist tendencies, it could be said that, the ALBA is the more appropriate treaty to sign. Socio-Economic Perspective of Globalization It is of public knowledge in Nicaragua that most of the populations regard Globalization as â€Å"not welcome†. The socio-economic perspective of Globalization can be seen from two lights the rural and the industrial perspectives. The rural perspective of globalization can be expressed as the lower classs point of view, while the industrial would affect the middle and upper classes. In short, both of these perspectives contain the entire range of the Nicaraguan society. The people that constitute the rural perspective, also known as the Nicaraguan Farmers, do not welcome globalization because of the economic impact that it will cause society. For most farmers in the outskirts of Managua and on the borders of the country, the prices set by the CAFTA are below the prices they have been used to deal with, meaning that there will be an economic impact for that sector of society. The rural branch of society represents about 70% of the Nicaraguan population, meaning that to off-set an economic pendulum from this side will affect the countrys economy greatly. The industrial perspective of the socio-economic side to globalism might actually benefit from the â€Å"no tariff† agreements as machinery and foreign goods might be less expensive to ship in, and national products will be easier to export. The industrial sector of Nicaragua can be said to constitute by 30% of the population, however, even though it is a minority in regards to the rural sector, the industrial sector represents about 50% of the Gross domestic Product in Nicaragua. The choice between which treaty to chose seems to be the more difficult question as the ALBA benefits the rural sector with its standard wages, while the CAFTA would cause a significant impact in the economy. The industrial sector on the other hand would benefit from both the CAFTA and the ALBA, as the free commerce agreement of â€Å"no tariffs† would mean that the import export of Nicaragua will of a wider range. The issue in mind however, remains on the ideological alignment concern. The rural sector of the Nicaraguan population belongs to a new mix of ideologies, a mix of neo-socialistic liberalism, where a sense of national pride and populism makes the number one goal to push on the Nicaraguan economy. The CAFTA is not appreciated in this perspective as it is seen as an agreement that binds Nicaragua to the will of the United States prices and tariffs, therefore permitting the Unites States to have a sort of control over the Nicaraguan Economy. Nicaragua has already felt the United States economical grasp in the 1970s during the Sandinista government, where the United States employed a boycott on Nicaragua. The sense of resentment has not left the Nicaraguan panorama yet, which means it might take a long time for the CAFTA to be approved by the population. The ALBA in the other hand, is more widely accepted as it involves direct proposals by Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez. In current times, Nicaragua has approved both the CAFTA and the ALBA, the differences, however, are only visible in regards to the material â€Å"gifts† provided by Hugo Chavez. On the Economical perspective, both the ALBA and the CAFTA have not made and impact. Both treaties have rendered the Nicaraguan economy with the same Gros Domestic Product than the year before their signing. Conclusion Nicaragua has been a signatory of the CAFTA for over 3 years now and has also been a signatory of the ALBA treaty for over 1 year now; however both these treaties have not saved Nicaragua from the enormous deficit that it faces. In conclusion, it can be said that Globalization will have an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy in the long-run; however, in regards to Globalism of the Socio-democratic sphere, the Latin American countries should remain united and try to roll back influences from the United States in order to be financially dependent on its own. Nicaragua needs to be financially independent, however, in its current economical state; it cannot stand on its own two feet, which means it should have the temporary support of a greater power. The choices are obviously dived between the CAFTA and the ALBA, which are obviously a reflection of the United States and Venezuela. In the wider-picture, the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA is the choice between Capitalist democracy and a socio-Populist democracy. The relationship between Nicaragua and the United States has not been as strong as the 1930s in the time of Anastasio Somoza Garcia. The constant intervention from the United States in Nicaragua has rendered a sense of mistrust. In actuality, the CAFTA seems like another brick to the wide and high wall that the United States has been building over Latin America, the first brick being the Monroe Doctrine, which guaranteed the United States right to intervene in any Central American nation if its freedom was being threatened. Even though Nicaragua is a signatory of both the ALBA and CAFTA treaties, so far the ALBA has aided the Nicaraguan economy more than the CAFTA, due to the multiple â€Å"gifts† given by Hugo Chavez to the Republic of Nicaragua, gifts such as Oil Plants. The bottom line, nevertheless, stays the same; Globalization will have an increasing effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Bibliography http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/CAFTA/CAFTADR_Final_Texts/Section_Index.html http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2360 Ministro de Estado de Venezuela para la Bancoex, Integracià ³n y Comercio Exterior http://www.globalization101.org/What_is_Globalization.html http://www.newdream.org/consumer/globalization.php http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html

Mendels Peas and Hawkweeds :: Heredity Genes Mendel Research Essays

Mendel's Peas and Hawkweeds Works Cited Missing Many Scientists have contributed to the field of genetics. Yet the groundwork for today's modern genetics can be found in the work done by one man, Gregor Mendel. While there were many scientists who tried to answer the same questions before him, none were able to come to the successful conclusions he did. Before Mendel's experiments, many other theories had been in place to answer the questions about why we look like our parents. Many of these beliefs were myths, and the true reasons behind heredity were not sought, because creation was the belief of the majority of people. Some of these beliefs include "'The preformation theory"' (Bowler, 2), in which it was believed that "the embryo grew from a perfectly formed miniature already present in the mother's womb ( or the father's sperm)." (Bowler, 2) Another theory was that of "'blending inheritance' in which the offspring's characters were always intermediate between those of its parents." (Bowler, 3) It was in the time of these theories that Mendel did his work, which was dismissed as stated in the story. Mendel was a monk who taught in the monastery, and he did his experiments in the garden outside the monastery while teaching as said in the book. His main focus was on the garden pea, Pisum sativum. One peculiarity of pea reproduction is that the petals of the flower close down Tightly, preventing pollen grains from entering or leaving. This enforces a system of self-fertilization, in which sperm and eggs from a particular flower Unite with each other to produce seeds. As a result, individual pee strains are Highly inbred, displaying little, if any genetic variation from one generation to The next. Because of this uniformity, we say that such strains are true-breeding. ( Snustad, 42) In his experiments, Mendel tested many different traits. Among them were the following traits and the frequencies each appeared in: Mendel was successful in his experiments, because he tested one trait at a time, as compared to other scientists who tried to follow multiple traits. This is what allowed him to be successful, although with what we know now, it is easier to follow many traits at a time. In his first set of experiments, he crossed tall varieties with dwarf varieties. To do this, He carefully removed the anthers from one variety before its pollen had matured and then applied pollen from the other variety to the stigma.

Essays --

Abortion itself is not an easy process to go through. Having a simple fetus removed medically might seem easy, but the woman herself might go through many difficult situations before, during, and after the process of abortion emotionally and physically. Making the right choice of having an abortion might be regretful to some woman and their family. The choices are either having the baby and later finding out they can’t take care of the baby or having an abortion and finding out later that you cannot have a child in the future. There can physical effects on woman that have abortion. Abortion can result in miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies, and a slight chance of breast cancer. Many miscarriages happen when an abortion is used on the previous pregnancy because it can be dangerous to the future reproductive systems of woman. After an abortion, there can be severe case where bleeding and infection can occur. A woman might have five times the chance of ectopic pregnancy because the woman who had their first pregnancy was terminated. An ectopic pregnancy happens when the embryo is implante...